Python Strings/Lists/OOPS

Every programming language has its methods for its data structures. Some of the data structures in Python include list, string, dictionary, and set.

List methods

append() - Append an element to the end of the list.
```
 l=[]
 l.append(5)
 print(l)
 # l=[5]
```
clear() - Clears the list.
```
 l=[1,2]
 l.clear()
 print(l)
 # l=[]
```

copy() - Makes a copy of the list.

 l=[1,2,3]
 x=l.copy()
 print(x)
 # [1,2,3]

count() - Count the data that has been passed as an argument in the list.
```
 l=[1,2,3]
 x=l.count(1)
 print(x)
 # 1
```

extend() - This function extends the data of another list.

 l=[1,2,3]
 l1=[4,5,6]
 l=l.extend(l1)
 print(l)
 # [1,2,3,4,5,6]

index() - Returns the index of the passed element.
```
 l = [1,2,3]
 l=l.index(1)
 print(l)
 # 0
```

insert() - Takes two arguments, one being the position and another being the element. It will insert at the given position.
```
 l=[1,2,3]
 l.insert(0,0)
 print(l)
 #[0,1,2,3]
```

pop() - Removes the list's last element.
```
 l=[1,2,3]
 l.pop()
 print(l)
 # [1,2]
```

remove() - Removes the first matched element; the argument has to be passed.
```
 l=[1,2,3]
 l.remove(2)
 print(l)
 # [1,3]
```

reverse() - Reverse the order of the list.

 l= [1,2,3]
 print(l.reverse())
 # [3,2,1]

sort() - Sorts a list.
```
 l=[3,1,2]
 print(l.sort())
 # [1,2,3]
```

String Methods

capitalize() - Capitalizes the first character.

 s="string"
 k=s.capitalize()
 print(k)
 # String

casefold() - Lowers the case of a string.

 s = "String"
 casefold() = k
 print(k)
 # string

center() - Centres the string based on the argument.
```
 s="string"
 k=s.center(10)
 print(k)
 # string
```
count() - Returns the number of occurrences of the value in the string.
```
 s="string"
 k=s.count(r)
 print(k)
 # 1
```

endswith() - Returns true if the string ends with the specified value.
```
 s="string"
 k=s.endswith(g)
 print(k)
 # True
```

find() - Searches the string for a specified value and returns the index of it; if not found, it returns -1.
```
 s="string"
 k=s.find(r)
 print(k)
 # -1
```

index() - Returns the index of a specified value after searching the string for it.
```
 s="string"
 k=s.index("r")
 print(k)
 # 2
```

isalnum() - If all characters in the string are alphanumeric, it will return true; otherwise, it will return false.
```
 s="string2"
 k=s.isalnum()
 print(k)
 # True
```

isalpha() - If all characters in the string are in the alphabet, it will return true; otherwise, it will return false.
```
 s="string"
 k=s.isalpha()
 print(k)
 # True
```

isascii() - Return true if all characters in the string are ASCII characters.
```
 s="string"
 k=s.isascii()
 print(k)
 # True
```

isdecimal() - This function returns True if all of the characters in the string are decimals.
```
 s="\u0033"
 k=s.isdecimal()
 print(k)
 # True
```

isdigit() - If all characters in the string are digits, it will return true; otherwise, it will return false.
```
 s="1234"
 k=s.isdigit()
 print(k)
 # True
```

islower() - If all characters in the string are lower case, it will return True; otherwise, it will return false.
```
 s="string"
 k=s.islower()
 print(k)
 # True
```

isnumeric() - If all characters in the string are numeric, it will return true; otherwise, it will return false.
```
 s="1234"
 k=s.isnumeric()
 print(k)
 # True
```

isprintable() - Returns true if the string contains all printable characters.
```
 s="string n adf"
 k=s.isprintable()
 print(k)
 # False
```

isspace() - Returns true if the string contains no whitespace; otherwise, it returns false.
```
 s="string"
 k=s.isspace()
 print(k)
 # False
```

istitle() - If all of the words in the string begin with capital letters, istitle() returns true; otherwise, it returns false.
```
 "String the Word"
 k=s.istitle()
 print(k)
 # True
```

isupper() - True if all the characters are in upper case; otherwise, it will return false.
```
 s="STRING"
 k=s.isupper()
 print(k)
 # True
```

join() - Converts the elements of an iterable into a string.

 s=["s", "t", "r", "i", "n", "g"]
 k="".join(s)
 print(k)
 # string

ljust() - Returns a left-justified string.

 s="string"
 k=s.ljust(10)
 print(k)
 # denotes a string

lower() - Lowers the case of a string.

 s="StrInG"
 k=s.lower()
 print(k)
 # string

lstrip() - Removes the leftmost portion of the string.
```
 s=" string"
 k=s.lstrip()
 print(k)
 # string
```

replace() - Replace the matching values with the passed argument. It takes two arguments.
```
 s="string"
 k=s.replace("ing","")
 print(k)
 # str
```

rfind() - Searches the string for a given value and returns the last position it was found.
```
 s="stringr"
 k=s.rfind("r")
 print(k)
 # 6
```

rindex() - Searches the string for a specified value and returns the last position where it was found.
```
 s="stringr"
 k=s.rindex("r")
 print(k)
 # 6
```

rjust() - Returns a right-justified version of the string.

 s="string"
 k=s.rjust(10)
 print(k)
 # character string

rstrip() - Remove the appropriate portion of the string.
```
 s="string "
 k=s.rstrip()
 print(k)
 # string
```

split() - Splits the string based on the specified separator (the default is a space) and returns a list.
```
 string="string the word"
 k=s.split()
 print(k)
 # ["string", "the", "word"]
```

splitlines() - splits each line and returns a list of the results.

 s="hello world string"
 k=s.splitlines()
 print(k)
 # ['string', 'hello world']

startswith() - This function looks for the letter in the string and returns True if it begins with the specified letter; otherwise, it returns False.
```
 s="string"
 k=s.startswith("s")
 print(k)
 # True
```

strip() - removes the string's trailing space.

 s=" string "
 k=s.strip()
 print(k)
 # string

swapcase() - swaps the cases so that the lower becomes the upper and the upper becomes the lower.
```
 string = "Word"
 k=s.swapcase()
 print(k)
 A wORD IS #STRING
```

title() - converts all of the word's first letters to uppercase.
```
 string = "word"
 k=s.title()
 print(k)
 String = Word
```

upper() - changes the string's case to upper case.
```
 s="string"
 k=s.upper()
 print(k)
 # STRING
```

zfill() - prefix the number of zeros before the string.
```
 s="string"
 k=s.zfill(7)
 print(k)
 # 0string
```

OOPS

Object-oriented programming is a programming model that organises software design around data and objects rather than functions and logic. An object can be defined as a data field; it has unique attributes and behaviours.

OOPS structure:
- Classes - It is like a combination of bundling data and functionality together. Each class instance can have attributes attached to it for maintaining its state it can also have methods to change its state.
- Objects - An Object is an instance of a Class, an instance is a copy of the class with actual values. Python is object-oriented programming language it mainly focus on functions.
- Methods - A method is a function that belongs to an particular object. For example, list objects have methods called append, insert, remove and sort etc...
- Attributes - Class attributes are class variables that are inherited by every object of a class. The value of class attributes remain the same for every new object.

Principles
- Encapsulation - The binding up of methods and attributes, for example, a class is a combination of attributes and methods.
- Abstraction - It's like a hiding of data; it can also help the developers more easily make additional changes over time.
```
Import ABC from ABC
class ClassName(ABC)
# We can make the actual class abstract by inheriting the ABC class.
```
- Inheritance - It's a concept of reusing the same code to avoid redundancy. This method will force the developer to reduce development time and also ensure high accuracy. There are multiple inheritances.
  - Single - derived from a single base or parent.
  - Multiple - derived from multiple base classes.
  - Multilevel - deriving a class from a derived class that has been derived from a base class.
  - Hierarchical: there are multiple derived classes from a single parent class.
- polymorphism - The term "polymorphism" refers to the ability to use the same method as the parent class.
```
     add(x, y, z) = 0:
     x + y + z = return

     print(add(2, 3))
     # 5
     print(addition(2, 3, 4))
     # 9
```

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Python Strings/Lists/OOPS

viyashdoss

List methods

String Methods

OOPS

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