I recently started a new Project with TYPO3 11 and ddev, there a two things your should be aware of.

1. Make sure to use ddev 1.16.5 or never.
2. Add the default .htaccess to you public-folder, otherwise the backend Route will not work.

My setup is as you see, with apacehe-fpm.

When Running with nginx-fpm no additional configuration is needed besides ddev 1.16.5 or never.

RewriteEngine On

RewriteRule ^(?:fileadmin/|typo3conf/|typo3temp/|uploads/) - [L]

RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-l
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} ^/typo3/.*$
RewriteRule ^typo3/(.*)$ %{ENV:CWD}typo3/index.php [QSA,L]