Introduction

Hi folks! Welcome to another Hotwire tutorial. A few days ago, I shared a short video on Twitter from WrappedBy Dashboard and I thought it could be really cool to write a blog post to guide you through building an application with a similar concept. If you haven't seen the tweet yet, take a moment to check out what it looks like.

Exciting, isn't it? In this post, we're going to explore how to implement a 'Load More' pagination feature using Pagy and Hotwire. What makes this even more fascinating is that we'll accomplish it without writing a single line of JavaScript. Instead, we'll harness the power of Turbo Streams to seamlessly update our page.

According to the official Hotwire documentation, Turbo Streams deliver page changes over WebSocket, SSE or in response to form submissions using just HTML and a set of CRUD-like actions. You can dive deeper into Turbo Streams in the Come Alive with Turbo Streams handbook.

Now, let's get started by creating our Rails application.

Create Application

As usual, we won't start everything from scratch. We'll focus on the core concept of 'Load More' pagination. To do that, we'll begin by creating a Rails application with the help of the UpperBracket template. If you're already using UpperBracket, you should be all set to follow along with this tutorial.

To kick things off, open your terminal and run the following command:

rails new hotwire-load-more-pagination \
  -d postgresql \
  -m https://raw.githubusercontent.com/maful/upperbracket/main/template.rb

Make sure you have your PostgreSQL database up and running.

Our goal for this tutorial is not to build a fancy, feature-rich application. Instead, we'll focus on displaying a list of comments and adding a pagination feature to it.

Create Comment model including views, controller, migrations etc. Specify the message and the author name in the Comment model

rails g scaffold Comment message author_name

Open the routes and change the content like this config/routes.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

Rails.application.routes.draw do
  resources :comments
  root to: "comments#index"
end

Run the database migration to apply the changes

rails db:migrate

Now, let's generate some data for our Comment model by using the database seed feature. Open up the db/seeds.rb file in your Rails application directory and replace its contents with the following code:

names = [ "Maija", "Aniyah", "Artūras", "Leocadia", "Aikorkem", "Maxime", "Eemeli", "Rahmatullah", "Indrek", "Alfredo", "Villads", "Aelius", "Sofia", "Maor"]
comments = [
  "You've got this! Keep up the great work!",
  "Your smile can brighten anyone's day.",
  "You make the world a better place just by being you.",
  "Believe in yourself, and you can achieve anything!",
  "Sending you a virtual hug!",
  "Every day is a new opportunity to shine!",
  "Your kindness is like a ripple that spreads positivity.",
  "Keep your face always toward the sunshine, and the shadows will fall behind you.",
  "You're a true inspiration to those around you.",
  "Life is full of beautiful moments, and you're one of them.",
  "Your perseverance and hard work are paying off!",
  "Stay positive, and amazing things will happen.",
  "Your energy is contagious—in the best way!",
  "The world is a better place with you in it.",
  "You're a ray of sunshine on a cloudy day.",
  "Success is yours because you work for it!",
  "Dream big, and don't be afraid to chase those dreams.",
  "You're making progress, one step at a time.",
  "Don't forget to take care of yourself; you deserve it!",
  "Surround yourself with positivity, and watch your life change for the better."
]

100.times do
  Comment.create(message: comments.sample, author_name: names.sample)
end

In this code snippet:

• We create two arrays, names and comments, to generate random data for our comments. This data is purely for testing purposes.
• Using a loop (100.times), we create a total of 100 comment records by selecting random entries from the comments and names arrays.

To execute the database seed and populate your Comment model, simply run rails db:seed. After running the seed, you can verify that there are now 100 comments in your database. This data will serve as the foundation for our 'Load More' pagination demonstration.

Next we will update the UI of the comment index page, open app/views/comments/index.html.erb and replace with the following code

<div class="max-w-sm mx-auto py-6">
  <div id="comments" class="space-y-2">
    <%= render @comments %>
  </div>
</div>

Update the comment partial too by open app/views/comments/_comment.html.erb and replace with the following code

<div id="<%= dom_id comment %>" class="px-4 py-2 border rounded">
  <div class="text-sm">
    <span class="font-semibold"><%= comment.author_name %></span> says
  </div>
  <div class="mt-1 text-sm"><%= comment.message %></div>
</div>

Open the app/controllers/comments_controller.rb and update the index method

def index
  @comments = Comment.order(id: :desc)
end

Now run the application with bin/dev and access http://localhost:3000/ and you should see the list of comments.

Pagy Pagination

Now, let's dive into the pagination part of this post: setting up Pagy for handling pagination in our Rails application. If you haven't included the Pagy gem in your project, you'll need to add it manually. Here's how you can do it:

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Manual Installation

Head over to the Pagy Installation Documentation for detailed instructions.

UpperBracket Users

If you've created your app using the UpperBracket template, adding Pagy is a breeze. Just follow these steps:

Open your ApplicationController located at app/controllers/application_controller.rb.

Include the Pagy::Backend module in your controller like this:

class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
  include Pagy::Backend
end

Now we are gonna use pagy to handle the records from the database, open app/controllers/comments_controller.rb and replace the index method with the following code

def index
  query = Comment.order(id: :desc)
  @pagy, @comments = pagy(query, items: 10)
end

In the code above:

• We create a query to retrieve comments from the Comment model, sorting them by ID in descending order (from the oldest to the newest).
• Next, we utilize Pagy to paginate the query results. We assign the Pagy instance to @pagy and the paginated comments to @comments, specifying that there should be a maximum of 10 records per page.

After making these changes, restart your application, and you'll notice that the index page now displays the newest 10 comments.

Let’s add the ‘Load More’ button to our page that function to load the next group of data. Create a new file app/views/comments/_load_more_button.html.erb and add the following code

<% if @pagy.next.present? %>
  <%= button_to "Load more", comments_path,
    params: { page: @pagy.next },
    method: :get,
    class: "mt-4 inline-flex items-center justify-center text-sm font-medium ring-offset-background bg-slate-900 text-white hover:bg-slate-900/90 h-9 rounded-md px-3 transition-colors focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-ring focus-visible:ring-offset-2 disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50",
    "data-turbo-stream": true %>
<% end %>

Here's an overview of what this code does:

• We first check if there's a next group of data available. If not, the 'Load More' button won't be displayed.
• Next, we construct a GET request form using the button_to helper. This form sends data to the comments_path with the page parameter set to @pagy.next.
• Take note of the "data-turbo-stream" attribute. We're configuring the form to be sent as a TURBO_STREAM instead of HTML. This feature was introduced in July 2022, allowing Turbo Streams even with GET requests. You can find more details in this pull request.

With the 'Load More' button ready, let's include it in our list page. Open app/views/comments/index.html.erb and insert the following code after the div#comments element:

<div class="flex justify-center" id="load_more_button">
  <%= render "comments/load_more_button" %>
</div>

Now, when you check your application, you should see the 'Load More' button in action, fetching the next group of data. Let's take a closer look at what we've accomplished so far.

However, please note that, as of now, the new data replaces the current data on the page, resembling conventional pagination. Additionally, you might notice changes in the URL based on the current page, similar to what's shown in the video.

The Magic of Turbo Streams

Now, it's time to introduce Turbo Streams to our application. Turbo Streams will enable us to load the next set of data and seamlessly append it to the existing content on the page, all without altering the URL. Here's how we'll integrate Turbo Streams:

Open app/controllers/comments_controller.rb and modify the index action to handle Turbo Streams requests triggered by the 'Load More' button:

def index
  query = Comment.order(id: :desc)
  @pagy, @comments = pagy(query, items: 10)

  respond_to do |format|
    format.html
    format.turbo_stream
  end
end

In this code, we use the respond_to method to handle different response formats, including HTML and Turbo Stream. Depending on the format of the incoming request, Rails will render the corresponding view. For HTML requests, it renders index.html.erb, while for Turbo Stream requests, it looks for index.turbo_stream.erb. However, we haven't created the index.turbo_stream.erb file yet, which may result in an error when you test the application.

To fix the errors, let’s create template for turbo_stream format. Create a new file app/views/comments/index.turbo_stream.erb and add the following code

<%= turbo_stream.append "comments" do %>
  <%= render partial: "comments/comment", collection: @comments %>
<% end %>

<%= turbo_stream.update "load_more_button" do %>
  <%= render "comments/load_more_button" %>
<% end %>

Here's a breakdown of what this code accomplishes:

• In the first group, turbo_stream.append, we render partial data from app/views/comments/_comment.html.erb while passing the @comments collection. These comments are then appended to the element with the comments ID. This code ensures that the new group of data is added to the bottom of the existing content, rather than replacing it.
• In the second group, we update the load_more_button element using the same partial file we used in index.html.erb. It checks for the presence of a next page; if one exists, it renders the button along with the new data. Otherwise, the button is not displayed.

And that's it! We've successfully implemented seamless 'Load More' pagination in Rails without writing a single line of JavaScript. All of this happens within a single page, providing a user-friendly experience.

Now, to see it in action, go ahead and restart the application and test it out.

There you have it – a 'Load More' pagination in Rails that enhances user experience, all without the need for JavaScript. How awesome is that?

Bonus

If your application experiences slower load times and you want to provide users with real-time feedback that the application is actively fetching data, you can implement a loading indicator. To achieve this, open app/views/comments/_load_more_button.html.erb and include the data-turbo-submits-with attribute in the button_to element. Here's the complete code:

<% if @pagy.next.present? %>
  <%= button_to "Load more", comments_path,
    params: { page: @pagy.next },
    method: :get,
    class: "mt-4 inline-flex items-center justify-center text-sm font-medium ring-offset-background bg-slate-900 text-white hover:bg-slate-900/90 h-9 rounded-md px-3 transition-colors focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-ring focus-visible:ring-offset-2 disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50",
    "data-turbo-stream": true,
    "data-turbo-submits-with": "Loading..." %>
<% end %>

For demonstration purposes, you can insert sleep 3 within the index method of CommentsController to simulate the delay. With this change, you'll see the "Loading..." text displayed on the button while the application processes the next page.

Summary

Turbo Streams offer numerous advantages for building interactive applications without the need for JavaScript. However, it's important to consider when and where to use Turbo Streams. I recommended if the form using Turbo Streams, you should consider to use respond_to in the controller to handle both HTML and TURBO_STREAM formats. This approach ensures that your application remains functional even if JavaScript is disabled in the user's browser. By accommodating both formats, your application gracefully falls back to HTML when JavaScript is unavailable, providing a seamless experience for all users.

Download the source code hotwire-load-more-pagination

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