When writing complex method or important "core logic" code paths. We often need to add many branching and condition switches. If we are not careful, we can end up with a "pyramid" built on indentation upon indentation due to the need to add conditional branches over and over during the liftime of the code as new business logic are discovered and handled.

Often, however, the method usually do have a central "happy path" that does the most meaningful and important work. We can focus on highlight this "happy path" to keep the method obvious as to its purpose and remains highly readable.

Example

class Payment
  attr_reader :method
  attr_reader :card_number
  attr_reader :wallet_address
  attr_reader :paid

  def process
    if !paid
      if method == :credit_card
        if !Luhn.check(self.card_number)
          raise 'invalid CC number'
        else
          CreditCard.process(self)
        end
      elsif method == :bitcoin
        if !BTC.check_address(self.wallet_address)
          raise 'invalid BTC wallet address'
        else
          BTC.process(self)
        end
      end
    end
  end
end

There are several strategy we can "streamline" the code path, making the gist of the method, which is to process payments, obvious. The first of which is to inverts the if/else statement and deal with failure condition early.

Notice the outermost if !paid block. This block covers the entirety of the method. This means that the simple "is this payment paid?" check adds to the rest of the method 1 extra level of indentation that does not serve a lot of purpose and keeps the "happy path" 1 level away from the method main scanline.

The first and simplest fix to improve the readability, is simply:

Instead of

def process
  if !paid
    if method == :credit_card
      if !Luhn.check(self.card_number)
        raise 'invalid CC number'
      else
        CreditCard.process(self)
      end
    elsif method == :bitcoin
      if !BTC.check_address(self.wallet_address)
        raise 'invalid BTC wallet address'
      else
        BTC.process(self)
      end
    end
  end
end

Do this

def process
  return if paid

  if method == :credit_card
    if !Luhn.check(self.card_number)
      raise 'invalid CC number'
    else
      CreditCard.process(self)
    end
  elsif method == :bitcoin
    if !BTC.check_address(self.wallet_address)
      raise 'invalid BTC wallet address'
    else
      BTC.process(self)
    end
  end
end

Why?

When reading normal text in a book, we expect lines to line up. Deviating from the norm sends a signal to the reader that something is different, or off, about the code.

However, by wrapping the entire method in an if/else block we make the entire content of the method reads a little bit harder just for the sake of this one particular condition check which is not the primary purpose of the method at all.

Inverting the condition so that we can check the paid condition and exit early leaves the rest of the method at 1-indentation, like any other regular method.

This improves readability, for two reasons:

1. It allows reader to "discard" the paid condition from their mind early when reading the method. Allowing more cognitive space when debugging.
2. It highlights the gist of the method, which should be about processing the payment, not the noises from conditional checks.

Why Not?

Most of time, we can take this simple technique and re-apply it all the way until we're left with almost no indentation at all:

def process
  return if paid
  raise 'bad CC number'  if method == :credit_card && !Luhn.check(self.card_number)
  raise 'bad BTC wallet' if method == :bitcoin     && !BTC.check_address(self.wallet_address)

  if method == :credit_card
    CreditCard.process(self)
  elsif method == :bitcoin
    BTC.process(self)
  end
end

Now it is very obvious that the method is about delegating the procesing of payments to the right processor class (CreditCard for credit cards and BTC for bitcoins.)

However, experienced coder will notice that we're also muddying the validation of each processor as a cost of doing this as well. Processing credit cards now requires scanning through the .process method for the second line (doing the luhn check) and then skip to the method check to see that the actual processing is done in another class.

Additionally we have also modified the code flow. The validation checks are now performed separately from the processing block. If we are not careful during real production code edits, we may introduce subtle bugs due to the changed code paths and other developers who need to work on this piece of code may not realize that there is a code pattern to be followed here (validate before processing).

Split Condition

Alternatively, another strategy we can use to deal with conditional pyramids is to separate the actual processing out of the conditional branching.

Instead of

def process
  return if paid

  if method == :credit_card
    if !Luhn.check(self.card_number)
      raise 'invalid CC number'
    else
      CreditCard.process(self)
    end
  elsif method == :bitcoin
    if !BTC.check_address(self.wallet_address)
      raise 'invalid BTC wallet address'
    else
      BTC.process(self)
    end
  end
end

Do this

def process
  return if paid

  if method == :credit_card
    process_credit_card
  elsif method == :bitcoin
    process_bitcoin
  end
end

def process_credit_card
  raise 'invalid CC number' if !Luhn.check(self.card_number)
  CreditCard.process(self)
end

def process_bitcoin
  raise 'invalid BTC wallet address' if !BTC.check_address(self.wallet_address)
  BTC.process(self)
end

Why?

Sometimes complex condition checking cannot be avoided. Or the refactoring cost in terms of developer time and code complexity may not be worth pursuing. You might also be working with one of those kinds of engineers that never writes if-else if they can help it.

In this case we can still address the complexity directly by splitting the conditional "checking" part from the actual "processing" so that the reader can do all the conditional tree walking to the finish and "unloads" them from their minds before they start looking at the gist of the actual processing.

Think of this like being a detective. You have to interview several different suspects and find the true culprit. However, there's an extra problem: the road to each of the suspect's houses are very snaky and full of potholes. Imagine you have a clone of yourself yourself, one of you does the driving while the other think about the case. This way, it's a lot more likely to figure out the case.

This accomplishes two more things additional to the first two:

1. The "switching" of methods are now clear and obvious. The method do not immediately process anything but simply branch to the right processing function.
2. We minimized the distractions of branching when we look at individual processing methods (.process_credit_card don't talk about bitcoins, .process_bitcoin don't talk about credit cards.) so that each method's processing code are streamlined and more obvious.

Now if another developer is tasked with fixing some issue with credit card processing he can quickly zero-in onto the actual processing code and see everything related to it in one place and can quickly tune-out everything else.