Many times functions accept object references that can be null, and we tend to add if statements to treat the special case where null is passed to a function, and either provide a default response or do nothing. In the following example our calculateSpeed function expects an object that has a getSpeed function. In Javascript we will have to do something like:

class Car {
  getSpeed(){
    return 100;
  }
}


const calculateSpeed = function(vehicle){
  if(vehicle && typeof vehicle.getSpeed === 'function'){
    return vehicle.getSpeed();
  } else {
    return 50;
  }
}

const car1 = new Car();

console.log(calculateSpeed(car1)); // 100
console.log(calculateSpeed()); // 50

But there is a better way to achieve that. Using the Null Object Pattern we can create a class that acts as vehicle, lets call it DefaultMovable.

class DefaultMovable {
  getSpeed(){
    return 50;
  }
}

Our DefaultMovable class provides the default functionality (aka the else in our previous code snippet), that way we can avoid the if/else statement.

class Car {
  getSpeed(){
    return 100;
  }
}

class DefaultMovable {
  getSpeed(){
    return 50;
  }
}

const calculateSpeed = function(vehicle = new DefaultMovable()){
  return vehicle.getSpeed();
}

const car1 = new Car();

console.log(calculateSpeed(car1)); // 100
console.log(calculateSpeed()); // 50

The UML diagram of this pattern will look like this:

The same example in Ruby would look like:

class Car
  def get_speed
    100
  end
end

class DefaultMovable
  def get_speed
    50
  end
end


def getSpeed(vehicle = DefaultMovable.new)
  vehicle.get_speed();
end

This is just a pattern and as every pattern it has its pros and cons, apply it thoughtfully based on your use case. (The example is fictional for the shake of demonstrating the pattern)