Ethereum developers are constantly working to improve the blockchain’s performance, scalability, and security — all while making blockchain interactions smoother for users. One of the most trending initiatives in this space is Account Abstraction (AA), a technology that promises to transform the Web3 user experience (UX) by making it more intuitive and accessible.

The Ethereum upcoming upgrade — Pectra, scheduled for Q1 2025, will introduce several Ethereum Improvement Proposals (EIPs), including the much-anticipated EIP-7702. With the Pectra update, developers aim to significantly enhance the UX for interacting with decentralized applications (dApps) on Ethereum. In this article, we’ll dive into the essential role of EIP-7702 in the Ethereum ecosystem and explore how it will impact both users and developers. For more information about the EIP feel free to check EIP-7702 Github.

The Necessity of EIP-7702

Ethereum is rapidly advancing toward Account Abstraction to accelerate the Web3 mass adoption. At the heart of AA is the concept of the smart contract account — a type of account controlled by code and deployed directly to the network. Traditionally, users interact with Ethereum through externally owned accounts (EOAs), which lack the advanced functionality and security features that smart accounts provide. While some solutions allow EOAs to interact with smart accounts, they might add complexity to the user experience.

EIP-7702 aims to bridge the gap between traditional EOAs and smart wallets, delivering the benefits of Account Abstraction without forcing users to permanently adopt smart contract accounts. By adding a “contract_code” field along with other transaction details, EIP-7702 enables EOAs to temporarily function as smart contract accounts. This approach allows users to enjoy the flexibility of smart contracts, improving their overall Web3 experience without the hassle of a full transition.

Benefits of EIP-7702 for users and developers

EIP-7702 introduces exciting smart account functionality to EOAs, giving users access to a range of features that enhance usability, security, and flexibility:

Transaction Batching: Users can bundle multiple transactions into one, saving time and gas costs.
Gas Sponsorship: One account can cover the transaction fees for another, enabling third-party gas payments and reducing costs for the end user.
Session Keys: Users can create session keys with limited permissions, allowing for specific actions without granting full access to the account.
Passkeys: Simple, secure passkey authentication makes signing transactions faster and safer.
Revocability: Users maintain full control over their EOAs, with the ability to revoke or modify delegated permissions at any time.
Enhanced Cross-Chain UX: EOAs equipped with smart account features can perform cross-chain transactions without needing to manually switch RPCs.
These features are only some of the improvements users can look forward to as soon as EIP-7702 is adopted. For developers, EIP-7702 provides new opportunities to innovate within smart wallets, enabling them to add advanced functionalities.

Security is another strong point of EIP-7702. Once a transaction is completed, the “contract_code” is removed, blocking unauthorized access and reducing the risk of certain attacks. Additionally, EIP-7702 is compatible with ERC-4337, a foundational piece for account abstraction. By working seamlessly across EOAs and smart contract accounts, ERC-4337 and EIP-7702 together drive a more unified, flexible account experience on Ethereum.

Challenges of implementing EIP-7702

EIP-7702 brings considerable benefits to Ethereum, but several implementation challenges still remain. A major one is the range of standards that may be adopted by developers. If they choose to work with standards that are not compatible with ERC-4337, it could lead to further fragmentation across the Ethereum ecosystem.

Even though EIP-7702 enhances EOAs with smart account functionality, the EOA’s private key still has ultimate control over the account which creates a potential security risk. In addition, the private key is the sole access point for the account, so losing it would mean permanently losing control of the account unless any key recovery mechanism is in place.

At the same time, EIP-7702 also introduces the challenge of managing gas costs. Given the fact that smart contract accounts handle additional computational steps to validate transactions, they may incur higher gas costs than EOAs.

These are some of the challenges that highlight the complexities developers might deal with while implementing EIP-7702. It’s clear that the adoption of EIP-7702 will take time and may need some additional solutions to address these hurdles.

The future of Ethereum with EIP-7702

EIP-7702 is a pivotal step toward the mainstream adoption of account abstraction and will likely set the direction of Ethereum’s evolution. This new proposal bridges the gap between traditional EOAs and smart contract wallets and allows developers to create a more comprehensive ecosystem.

However, the dangers of central points of failure in smart contracts will continue to exist as account abstraction evolves. This is when the Shared Mempool steps in. ERC-4337 bundlers decentralize transaction validation and processing, creating an ecosystem that’s more resilient against single points of failure. For developers integrating EIP-7702, it’s worthwhile to take into consideration safeguarding against centralization risks, ensuring that account abstraction remains secure and transparent.

It may take time to overcome the initial challenges of implementation, but as educational resources and tooling improve, EIP-7702 promises to be an invaluable asset for the Ethereum network.

Useful links:

EIP-7702 Ethereum Improvement Proposal Website
EIP-7702 Github
EOA vs. Smart Wallet
ERC-4337 Shared Mempool

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