using InteractiveUtils 
println("  ")
# symbol  <: means "is a subtype of"
#=
One particularly distinctive feature of Julia's type system is that concrete types may not subtype each other: 
all concrete types are final and may only have abstract types as their supertypes.
=#

#############################
# abstract type
#############################

abstract type Cat  end   ## this is how we define an "abstract type"
println("Type of Cat: ", typeof(Cat)) 

# Cat IS A SUBSET OF Any
abstract type Cat <: Any end
println("Supertype of Cat: ", supertype(Cat)) 

# chaton IS A SUBSET OF Cat 
struct chaton <: Cat
    name::String
end

# now we define an instance of chaton
a = chaton("yoyo")  # how its constructor works

println("a: $a, typeof a: ",  typeof(a)) 
println("  ")

#############################
# primitive Types
#############################
primitive type myReal16 <: Real 16 end  # 16 is bits number of this datatype 
primitive type myAny <: Any 32 end  # 32 is bits number of this datatype

println("Type of myReal16: ",  typeof(myReal16)) 
println("Supertype of myReal16: ",  supertype(myReal16)) 
println("Type of myAny: ",  typeof(myAny)) 
println("Supertype of myReal16: ",  supertype(myReal16)) 


#############################
# composite Types and mutable composite Types 
#############################
println("  ")

abstract type Bird end

## by default, a composite Type (struct) is immutable
# Duck IS A SUBSET OF Bird 
struct Duck <:  Bird
  age::Float64
  color # namely `::Any`
end

## we can use keyword mutable to specify a mutable struct
# mutableDuck IS A SUBSET OF Bird 
mutable struct mutableDuck <:  Bird
  age::Float64
  color # namely `::Any`
end

# constructor function by default takes the members of struct
lolo = Duck(12, "Yellow")
println("lolo : $lolo ")

## check if Duck instance is mutable 
try 
   donald = Duck(35,"orange") 
   donald.age = 45
   println("donald : $donald ")
catch e
    println(e)
end

## check if mutableDuck instance is mutable 
try 
   donald = mutableDuck(3.5,"orange") 
   donald.age = 45
catch e
    println(e)
end


# use typeof() to get constructor name
huahua = typeof(lolo)(6, "rouge") 
println("huahua : $huahua ")

### test using abstract Type for constructing an object
try 
   yoyo = Bird(3.5,"orange") 
catch e
    println("Error about yoyo: ", e)
end



struct Parrot <: Bird # Parrot IS A SUBSET OF Bird 
  age
  color
  sing::String
end

### constructor with several members' values fixed
Parrot(sing::String) = Parrot(13, "green", sing)
momo = Parrot("kuakuakua")
println("momo: $momo, Type of momo: ",  typeof(momo)) 

struct Swan <: Bird # Swan IS SUBTYPE OF Bird
  color
  Swan() = new("snowwhite")
  # Swans has only one constructor : Swan()
end
popo = Swan()

println("$popo, Type of popo: ",  typeof(popo)) 

println("  ")
#############################
# Parametric Abstract Types
#############################

abstract type Coordinate3D{T} end


b = Coordinate3D{Int64} <: Coordinate3D
println("b : $b")

struct Location3D{T} <: Coordinate3D{T}
           x::T
           y::T
           z::T
       end

pp = Location3D{Int32}(2, 5, 6)
println("pp : $pp, type:", typeof(pp))
println("pp.x : $(pp.x), pp.y: $(pp.y), pp.z: $(pp.z) ")