This article aims to deeply explore the technical details of the Huawei HarmonyOS Next system (up to API 12 as of now) in developing multilingual e-commerce platforms, and is summarized based on actual development practices. It mainly serves as a vehicle for technical sharing and communication. Mistakes and omissions are inevitable. Colleagues are welcome to put forward valuable opinions and questions so that we can make progress together. This article is original content, and any form of reprint must indicate the source and the original author.

In the development of enterprise-level applications, constructing a powerful and secure authentication system is the key to ensuring the security of enterprise data and the normal operation of business. This article will elaborate in detail on the practical process of constructing a secure authentication system for enterprise-level applications based on the HarmonyOS Next system, covering all aspects from the challenges faced and goal setting to performance optimization and high availability assurance.

I. Security Challenges and Goals of Enterprise-Level Applications

(I) Multi-User Scenarios and Permission Management

1. Challenges in Multi-User Scenarios
   Enterprise-level applications usually involve numerous users, including different roles such as internal employees, partners, and customers. Each role has different permission requirements. For example, employees may need to access specific business modules, view and modify relevant data, partners may only be able to view some cooperation-related information, and customers may only have limited rights to manage their personal information. How to accurately identify user identities and rationally allocate permissions in complex multi-user scenarios is the primary challenge faced by enterprise-level application security.

2. Goals of Permission Management
   Establish a sophisticated permission management system that can precisely control users' access rights to application resources according to user roles and business needs. Ensure that each user can only access the functions and data they are authorized to, preventing data leakage and business risks caused by unauthorized access. At the same time, the permission management system should have flexibility and be able to conveniently make dynamic adjustments to permissions according to changes in the enterprise organizational structure and business.

(II) Planning of a Secure Authentication System

1. Goals of the Authentication System
   Construct a secure and reliable authentication system to ensure the authenticity and legality of user identities. Adopt multiple authentication methods, such as username-password authentication, dynamic verification code authentication, biometric authentication (such as fingerprint recognition, facial recognition, if the device supports), etc., to meet different user scenarios and security requirements. The authentication process should have a high level of security, preventing security threats such as password leakage, brute-force cracking, and man-in-the-middle attacks, while providing a good user experience and reducing the complexity of user authentication.

2. Overall Security Goals
   In addition to authentication and permission management, the enterprise-level application security authentication system should also cover multiple aspects such as data encryption, secure transmission, and security auditing. Ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of enterprise data during storage and transmission, be able to detect and respond to security incidents in a timely manner, and protect the core assets and trade secrets of the enterprise.

II. Overall Architecture Design

(I) Security Design Based on Microservice Architecture

1. Advantages of Microservice Architecture
   Adopt a microservice architecture and divide the enterprise-level application into multiple independent microservices. Each microservice focuses on specific business functions. In terms of security design, the microservice architecture has better flexibility and scalability. Security policies and protection mechanisms can be independently deployed according to the security requirements of different microservices, reducing the spread range of security risks. For example, divide user authentication services, permission management services, business data services, etc. into independent microservices and perform security reinforcement separately.

2. Componentization of Security Services
   Componentize security-related functions, such as identity authentication components, authorization components, encryption components, etc. These components can be reused in different microservices. Through a unified interface specification, ensure the secure and reliable interaction between each microservice and security components. For example, the identity authentication component is responsible for handling user login authentication requests, the authorization component is responsible for controlling access to microservice resources according to user permissions, and the encryption component is responsible for data encryption and decryption operations.

(II) Password Management and Authentication Center

1. Password Management Function
   Establish a centralized password management system responsible for user password generation, storage, verification, and update. Adopt a strong password policy, requiring passwords to be a combination of letters, numbers, and special characters, and regularly prompt users to update their passwords. When storing passwords, use advanced encryption algorithms (such as hash algorithms combined with salting technology) to encrypt passwords to ensure the security of passwords during storage. At the same time, provide password retrieval and reset functions, and help users recover their passwords through secure verification methods (such as email verification, SMS verification code).

2. Role of the Authentication Center
   The authentication center, as the core hub of enterprise-level application security authentication, is responsible for uniformly managing the user authentication process. It integrates multiple authentication methods and calls the corresponding authentication modules for identity verification according to the user's choice or application configuration. The authentication center establishes a secure communication mechanism with each microservice. After the user is successfully authenticated, it provides user identity information and permission information to the microservices to ensure that the microservices can perform secure business processing based on this information.

III. User Registration and Login Process

(I) Processing of Complex Registration Information

1. Information Collection and Verification
   The registration process of enterprise-level applications usually requires collecting a large amount of complex user information. Besides basic usernames and passwords, it may also include employee numbers (for internal employees), enterprise names (for partners), contact information, addresses, etc. During the registration process, strictly verify the format and logic of this information to ensure its accuracy and completeness. For example, verify the uniqueness of employee numbers, the correctness of mobile phone number formats, etc.

2. Encrypted Storage of Information
   Classify and process the user information collected during registration. Sensitive information (such as passwords, ID numbers, etc.) is stored in an encrypted manner. For passwords, use a strong encryption algorithm for hash processing and then store them. For other sensitive information, select an appropriate encryption method according to its importance and security requirements. At the same time, ensure that the database storing user information has a strict access control mechanism to prevent unauthorized access.

(II) Integration of Multiple Login Methods

1. Username-Password Login
   As the most common login method, ensure the security of username-password login. On the login page, verify the format of the username and password entered by the user to prevent attacks such as SQL injection. The password is encrypted using a secure protocol (such as HTTPS) during transmission and verified using the stored hash password on the server side. During the verification process, salting technology is used to increase the difficulty of password cracking.

2. Dynamic Verification Code Login
   For some scenarios with high security requirements or when the user forgets the password, provide a dynamic verification code login method. After the user enters the username, the system sends a dynamic verification code to the user's registered mobile phone number or email. The user completes the login after entering the correct verification code. The dynamic verification code should have a time limit (such as a 5-minute validity period) and uniqueness to prevent the verification code from being reused.

3. Biometric Authentication (Optional)
   If the device supports it, integrate biometric authentication methods such as fingerprint recognition or facial recognition. When the user first sets up biometrics, securely store the biometric data (using encryption and secure storage technology) and associate it with the user account. During login, obtain the user's biometric data and compare it with the stored data for verification to ensure the authenticity of the user's identity. During the biometric authentication process, pay attention to protecting the privacy of the user's biometric data and preventing data leakage.

IV. Password Policy and Encryption Mechanism

(I) Formulation of Enterprise-Level Password Policy

1. Password Complexity Requirements
   Formulate strict password complexity rules, requiring the password length to be at least 8 digits and containing at least three of uppercase letters, lowercase letters, numbers, and special characters. For example, a password can be a combination like "Abc@123def", ensuring that the password has sufficient strength and is difficult to be brute-force cracked.

2. Password Validity Period and Update Reminder
   Set the password validity period. For example, force the user to update the password every 90 days. When the password is about to expire, remind the user to update the password in advance (such as 7 days in advance) through in-app notifications or emails. At the same time, record the user's password history to prevent the user from reusing recently used passwords.

3. Password Error Limit and Account Locking
   To prevent brute-force cracking, set a limit on the number of password error attempts. For example, after 5 consecutive incorrect password entries, temporarily lock the account for 30 minutes. During the account locking period, the user cannot perform login operations unless the account is unlocked through other secure verification methods (such as email verification or contacting the administrator).

(II) Selection and Application of Encryption Algorithms

1. Password Storage Encryption Select a password storage encryption algorithm suitable for enterprise-level applications, such as bcrypt or Argon2 hash algorithms. These algorithms have high computational costs and strong anti-brute-force cracking capabilities. When using a hash algorithm, combine a randomly generated salt value and perform independent salting processing on each user's password to ensure that even if two users use the same password, the stored hash values are different, increasing the difficulty of password cracking. For example:

import bcrypt from 'bcrypt';

async function hashPassword(password: string): Promise<string> {
    const saltRounds = 10;
    const salt = await bcrypt.genSalt(saltRounds);
    const hashedPassword = await bcrypt.hash(password, salt);
    return hashedPassword;
}

1. Data Transmission Encryption During user login and data interaction with the server, use a secure network protocol (such as HTTPS) to encrypt the data during transmission. Ensure that sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, and business data is not stolen or tampered with in the network. For some particularly sensitive data, such as enterprise financial data and customer privacy information, additional encryption processing can be performed at the application layer. Use a symmetric encryption algorithm (such as AES) to encrypt the data to ensure the confidentiality of the data during transmission.

V. Security Monitoring and Auditing

(I) Real-Time Monitoring of User Authentication Behavior

1. Login Behavior Monitoring
   Establish a real-time monitoring system to monitor user login behavior. Record the user's login time, login location (if possible, located by IP address), device information used, etc. Analyze the login behavior pattern, such as detecting whether there are abnormal login times (such as logging in during non-working hours or from a location other than the user's usual residence), frequent failed login attempts, etc., and timely discover potential security threats.

2. Permission Usage Monitoring
   Monitor the user's permission usage within the application, record the resources accessed by the user, the operations performed, and the operation time. For operation attempts that exceed the user's permission range, issue an alarm and block them in a timely manner. For example, if an ordinary employee attempts to access a financial report module dedicated to senior enterprise management, the system should immediately block the operation and notify the administrator.

(II) Audit Log Recording and Analysis

1. Detailed Log Recording
   Record all security-related events into the audit log, including user registration, login, password modification, permission change, data access, etc. The log should contain detailed operation information, such as operation time, operator, operation content, operation result, etc. For example, record that user "Zhang San" modified the password at "2023-10-10 10:00:00", the old password was "Abc@123", and the new password was "Def@456".

2. Regular Auditing and Analysis
   Regularly analyze the audit log to find potential security problems and abnormal behavior patterns. Through data analysis tools and techniques, mine the associated information in the log, such as whether there are multiple user accounts logging in from the same IP address within a short time, or a certain user frequently modifying the password, etc. According to the audit results, adjust the security policy and take corresponding security measures in a timely manner.

VI. Performance Optimization and High Availability Assurance

(I) Coping with High-Concurrency Scenarios

1. Optimization of Caching Mechanism
   During the authentication process, for some commonly used data, such as user permission information and password policy configurations, adopt a caching mechanism to improve performance. Use a distributed cache system (such as Redis) to store this data, reducing frequent queries to the database. At the same time, set a reasonable cache expiration time to ensure the timeliness and consistency of the cached data. For example, the cache validity period of user permission information is 10 minutes. Within the validity period, multiple permission verification requests of the user directly obtain data from the cache, improving the response speed.

2. Asynchronous Processing and Message Queue
   For some tasks that do not affect the user's real-time operation, such as asynchronous notifications after password update (such as notifying the administrator or sending a password update success email), adopt an asynchronous processing method. Put these tasks into a message queue (such as RabbitMQ), and let a dedicated background task processor handle them to avoid blocking the user's main operation flow and improve the system's concurrent processing ability. In a high-concurrency login scenario, some login log recording operations can also be processed asynchronously to reduce the immediate load on the server.

(II) Fault Tolerance and Disaster Recovery Mechanism

1. Service Fault Tolerance Design
   In the microservice architecture, adopt a service fault tolerance design to ensure that a single microservice failure will not cause the entire application system to crash. For example, use the circuit breaker pattern (such as Hystrix). When a certain microservice fails (such as a database connection timeout, network failure, etc.), quickly cut off the call to this service and provide a standby degradation plan, such as returning default data or a friendly error prompt message, to ensure the normal operation of other microservices and user operations.

2. Data Disaster Recovery and Restoration
   Establish a data disaster recovery center and regularly back up the data of enterprise-level applications, including user information, business data, audit logs, etc. The backup data should be stored in a secure storage facility in a different location to prevent data loss due to local disasters (such as fires, earthquakes, etc.). At the same time, formulate a data restoration plan to ensure that in the event of data loss or damage, the data can be quickly restored from the disaster recovery center, minimizing the impact on business. For example, perform a full data backup every day, an incremental data backup every hour, and regularly conduct data restoration drills to ensure the availability of the backup data and the effectiveness of the restoration process.

Through the above comprehensive practical steps, we have successfully constructed a secure authentication system for enterprise-level applications based on HarmonyOS Next. This system can not only meet the complex permission management requirements in multi-user scenarios but also provide high-strength security authentication, effective password management, real-time security monitoring and auditing, and strong guarantees in terms of performance and availability. In the actual development and operation and maintenance process of enterprise applications, this security authentication system should be continuously optimized and improved according to the specific business needs and security requirements of the enterprise to ensure the security of enterprise information assets and the stable operation of business.