Programming fundamentals are the basic concepts and building blocks of programming. These concepts are essential for understanding how to write and execute code in any programming language.

Variables: Variables are used to store and manipulate data in a program. They have a name and a value, and the value can be changed during the execution of the program.

Example:

x = 5
y = 10
result = x + y
print(result)  # Output: 15

Data types: Different programming languages have different data types, such as integers, floating-point numbers, strings, and boolean values. Understanding the different data types and how to use them is essential for writing code that is efficient and correct.

Example:

age = 25
price = 19.99
name = "John"
is_student = True

print(type(age))    # Output: <class 'int'>
print(type(price))  # Output: <class 'float'>
print(type(name))   # Output: <class 'str'>
print(type(is_student)) # Output: <class 'bool'>

Operators: Operators are used to performing operations on variables and values. Common operators include arithmetic operators (+, -, *, /), comparison operators (>, <, >=, <=, ==, !=), and logical operators (and, or, not).

Example:

x = 5
y = 2

print(x + y)   # Output: 7
print(x - y)   # Output: 3
print(x * y)   # Output: 10
print(x / y)   # Output: 2.5

is_true = (x > 3) and (y < 5)
print(is_true) # Output: True

Control structures: Control structures are used to control the flow of execution in a program. They include if-else statements, loops (such as for and while), and functions.

Example:

x = 5

if x > 0:
    print("x is positive")
else:
    print("x is non-positive")

for i in range(5):
    print(i)
    # Output: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4

i = 0
while i < 5:
    print(i)
    i += 1
    # Output: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4

Functions: Functions are blocks of code that can be reused throughout a program. They take input in the form of parameters and return output.

Example:

def greet(name):
    """This function greets the person passed in as a parameter"""
    print("Hello, " + name + ". How are you today?")

greet("John") # Output: Hello, John. How are you today?

Arrays and collections: Arrays and collections are used to store multiple values in a single variable. They are used to organize and manipulate data in a program.

Example:

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

print(numbers[0]) # Output: 1
numbers.append(6)
print(numbers) # Output: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

fruits = {"apple", "banana", "orange"}
print("banana" in fruits) # Output: True

info = {"name": "John", "age": 25}
print(info["name"]) # Output: John

Object-oriented programming: Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that uses objects to represent and manipulate data in a program. OOP concepts include classes, objects, inheritance, and polymorphism.

Example:

class Dog:
    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age

    def bark(self):
        print("Woof, woof!")

dog1 = Dog("Fido", 3)
print(dog1.name) # Output: Fido
dog1.bark() # Output: Woof, woof!

Algorithm: An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem. It is a set of instructions that a computer can execute to accomplish a specific task.

Example:

def find_largest(numbers):
    """This function finds the largest number in a list of numbers"""
    largest = numbers[0]
    for num in numbers:
        if num > largest:
            largest = num
    return largest

print(find_largest([1, 5, 2, 8, 3])) # Output: 8

Data structure: A data structure is a way of organizing and storing data in a computer's memory so that it can be accessed and modified efficiently. There are several common data structures in computer science, each with its own strengths and weaknesses.

such as, Linked Lists: Linked lists can be implemented in Python using a class to represent the nodes and another class to represent the linked list. Here's an example of a singly linked list:

class Node:
    def __init__(self, data):
        self.data = data
        self.next = None

class LinkedList:
    def __init__(self):
        self.head = None

    def append(self, data):
        new_node = Node(data)
        if self.head is None:
            self.head = new_node
            return
        current = self.head
        while current.next:
            current = current.next
        current.next = new_node

Debugging: Debugging is the process of identifying and fixing errors in a program. It is an essential part of the programming process and can be done using tools such as print statements, debuggers, and testing frameworks.

Example:

def find_largest(numbers):
    """This function finds the largest number in a list of numbers"""
    largest = numbers[0]
    for num in numbers:
        print(num, largest)
        if num > largest:
            largest = num
    return largest

print(find_largest([1, 5, 2, 8, 3]))

In the above example, I added a print statement to check the value of the num and largest variable for each iteration. This way we can check the values in each step and debug the code accordingly.

Also, most IDE has built-in debugging tools that can be used to inspect the variables, set breakpoints, and step through the code, which can make the debugging process more efficient.

Commenting: Commenting is the practice of adding explanations and notes to the code. It helps to understand the code and also it helps other developers to understand the code.

Example:

"""This is a doc-string or multi-line comment"""
# This is a single line comment

These concepts form the foundation of programming, and understanding them is essential for becoming a proficient programmer. However, every programming languages have its own syntax and libraries, so it's important to learn the specific details of the language you're working with.

To become a good programmer, it's important to have a solid understanding of the programming fundamentals concepts that I mentioned in my previous response, such as variables, data types, operators, control structures, functions, arrays and collections, object-oriented programming, algorithms, debugging, and commenting. Here are some ways to gain knowledge and improve your skills in these areas:

Practice: The more you practice writing code and solving problems, the more comfortable and proficient you will become with the language and concepts.

Learn by doing: Try to work on real projects as much as possible, it will help you to apply the concepts you learn and to get a better understanding of how they can be used in the industry.

Read the documentation: The official documentation is a great resource for learning about the different features and capabilities of a programming language.

Learn from others: Join online communities, attend meetups, read blogs, and follow programming experts on social media.

Learn multiple languages: Learning multiple languages, it will help you to understand how different languages tackle the same problem and how the concepts are implemented differently in different languages.

Read code: Read other people's code to understand how they solve problems and to get new ideas for your own projects.

Keep learning: The field of programming is constantly changing, so it's important to stay up to date with new technologies and trends.

Learn the best practices: Learn the best practices of the programming languages, such as commenting, variable naming, coding style, and formatting.

Test your code: Test your code thoroughly to ensure that it works as expected and to catch any bugs early on.

Don't be afraid to ask for help: It's okay to ask for help when you get stuck or don't understand something.

By following these tips and continuously practicing and learning, you will be able to improve your skills and become a better programmer.

Here are some resources that can help you to improve your understanding of programming fundamentals:

1. Codecademy: Python 3: Codecademy offers interactive coding lessons for a variety of programming languages, including Python.

2. Coursera: Python: Coursera provides online courses on a wide range of programming topics, from beginner to advanced levels.

3. edX: CS50-Python: edX is another online learning platform that offers a variety of programming courses, including those that focus on specific languages and concepts.

4. SoloLearn: Python: SoloLearn is a mobile app that offers interactive coding lessons and quizzes on a variety of programming languages.

5. EnableGeek: Interactive Python: Enablegeek provides various kinds of text-based programming tutorials. Which is provided absolutely free for everyone to enroll. They have beginner to intermediate or intermediate to advanced level tutorials of various technologies on this platform. You can enrich your programming fundamentals with these free resources.

6. Tutorialspoint: Python Tutorial: This Python tutorial has been written for beginners to help them understand the basic to advanced concepts of Python Programming Language. After completing this tutorial, you will find yourself at a great level of expertise in Python, from where you can take yourself to the next level to become a world-class Software Engineer.

7. Project Euler: Archive: Project Euler is a website that offers mathematical and computer programming problems that can be solved with code.

8. HackerRank: Python: HackerRank is a website that offers coding challenges and competitions to help you improve your coding skills.

9. GitHub: GitHub is a platform where you can find open-source projects to contribute to and learn from.

10. Books: There are many books available on programming fundamentals and specific languages such as "Python Crash Course" by Eric Matthes, "Eloquent JavaScript" by Marijn Haverbeke, "Think Python" by Allen B Downey.

You can find lots of python books in PDF Drive Python Catalogue.

These resources can help you to learn and practice programming concepts, keep up with the industry trends and get insights from experienced programmers. Remember, the key to becoming a good programmer is practice and experience, so try to work on projects, solve problems and make the most of these resources.