Asynchronous programming is one of the major strengths of JavaScript, especially in Node.js; however, due to necessary separation of concerns, multiple asynchronous operations are often performed via callbacks, and this can lead to what is known as “callback hell.” For instance, consider a situation where we are working with nested callbacks in our JavaScript code, and let’s look at how we can refactor it using Promises and the async/await structure.

Callback Hell: An Example

Let's start with some code that uses callbacks to handle file operations for a simple product management system:

Here, we have several well-nested backcalls to read from, and write to a file. This is probably one of the instances you would write when you are deep inside callback hell. Finally, with a greater number of asynchronous operations the code will grow as will the amount of indentation making it harder to read. In the save() method, the fs.readFile function reads the file, and then its callback parses the content and uses a fs.writeFile function to rewrite the content of the file which is done in another callback. Such levels of nesting makes the code resemble what is referred to as a “pyramid of doom.”

Moving to Promises and Async/Await

In order to avoid this callback hell, there are JavaScript promises and the async/await syntax which makes code much more readable, manageable, and debugging-friendly.
Here's the improved version:

Why Promises and Async/Await?

Promises are helpful by enabling management of asynchronous operations linearly and with the least number of nested structures. The async/await pattern enhances the readability of the code and also addresses the asynchronous operations in a way that looks closer to synchronous operations. Using specifically try and catch blocks, the error processing becomes more transparent and easier to understand which contributes to the code maintainability.

Conclusion

Callback hell can be the real problem while writing the code in clean working manner in JavaScript, particularly in Node.js. With the help of Promises and async/await, it is possible to turn heavily nested callback hell into clean linear code at the same time making it easier to deal with errors. It not only transforms you code to look much better but also sets you on the right track of becoming a better JavaScript programmer.