public protected internal private
protected internal
private protected

abstract async await const event
extern in new out override
readonly sealed static unsafe virtual
volatile

if else switch case
do for foreach in while
break continue default goto return yield
throw try-catch try-finally try-catch-finally
checked unchecked
fixed
lock

// Parameters declared for a method without in, ref or out, are passed to the called method by value.

// *params* specifies that this parameter may take a variable number of arguments.
public static void UseParams2(params object[] list)
{
...
UseParams2({ 2, 'b', "test", "again" });

// *in*  specifies that this parameter is passed by reference but is only read by the called method.
InArgExample(readonlyArgument);
..
void InArgExample(in int number)
{
    // Uncomment the following line to see error CS8331
    //number = 19;
}

// *ref* specifies that this parameter is passed by reference and may be read or written by the called method.
void Method(ref int refArgument)
{
    refArgument = refArgument + 44;
}

int number = 1;
Method(ref number);
Console.WriteLine(number);
// Output: 45

// *out* specifies that this parameter is passed by reference and is written by the called method.
int initializeInMethod;
OutArgExample(out initializeInMethod);
Console.WriteLine(initializeInMethod);     // value is now 44

void OutArgExample(out int number)
{
    number = 44;
}

PropertyChanged?.Invoke(this, new PropertyChangedEventArgs(nameof(FirstName)));

public enum CarType
{
    Toyota = 1,
    Honda = 2,
    Ford = 3,
}

CarType myCarType = CarType.Toyota;

public struct Coords
{
    public Coords(double x, double y)
    {
        X = x;
        Y = y;
    }

    public double X { get; }
    public double Y { get; }

    public override string ToString() => $"({X}, {Y})";
}

string myString = "A string.";
String myString = "A string.";
string emptyString = String.Empty;
string anotherEmptyString = "";
string fullName = firstName + " " + lastName;
sentence += "chess.";
string sumCalculation = String.Format("{0} + {1} = {2}", x, y, sum);
// Use string interpolation to concatenate strings.
string str = $"Hello {userName}. Today is {date}."; // Interpolated string

/*
 * Single Dimensional Arrays
 */
int[] nums = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
int[] nums = new int[10];

/*
 * Multidimensional Arrays
 */
int[,] matrix = new int[2,2];

matrix[0,0] = 1;
matrix[0,1] = 2;
matrix[1,0] = 3;
matrix[1,1] = 4;

int[,] predefinedMatrix = new int[2,2] { { 1, 2 }, { 3, 4 } };

List<int> numbers = new List<int>();
int[] array = new int[] { 1, 2, 3 };
numbers.AddRange(array);

Dictionary<string, long> phonebook = new Dictionary<string, long>();
phonebook.Add("Alex", 4154346543);
phonebook["Jessica"] = 4159484588;

/*
 * if-else
 */
if (a == b) {
    // We already know this part
} else {
    // a and b are not equal... :/
}

/*
 * for-loops
 */
for(int i = 0; i < 16; i++)
{
    if(i == 12)
    {
        break;    
    }
}

/*
 * while-loops
 */
while(n == 0)
{
    Console.WriteLine("N is 0");
    n++;
}

public static int Multiply(int a, int b)
{
    return a * b;
}

interface ISkills
{
    void language();
    void sport();
}

abstract class Staff:Object, ISkills // inherits a class and implements an interface
{
    public enum StaffType { Teacher, Student }; // enum

    private StaffType type;
    public StaffType Type { get => type; set => type = value; }  // property

    /*
     * Constructor
     */
    public Staff(string name, StaffType type):base() // call parent constructor
    {
        this.name = name;
        this.type = type;
    }

    abstract public void sayHere(); // abstract method
}

Person person = new Person {
    Name = "John Doe",
    Age = 39
};  // Object Initializer

// Equal to
Person person = new Person();
person.Name = "John Doe";
person.Age = 39;

// Nullable
string? name; // ignore the compiler null check with name!.Length;

// Non-nullable
string name;

(input-parameters) => expression
(input-parameters) => { <sequence-of-statements> }
Action line = () => Console.WriteLine();
Func<int, int, bool> testForEquality = (x, y) => x == y;

public class Person
{
    public string FirstName;
    public string FirstName { get; set; }
    public string FirstName { get; set; } = string.Empty;
    public string FirstName
    {
        get { return firstName; }
        set { firstName = value; }
    }
    public string FirstName
    {
        get => firstName;
        set => firstName = value;
    }
    public string FirstName { get; private set; }
    public string FullName => $"{FirstName} {LastName}";
}

public int this[string key]
{
    get { return storage.Find(key); }
    set { storage.SetAt(key, value); }
}

// Multi-Dimensional Maps
public int this [double x, double y]
    {
        get
        {
            var iterations = 0;
...

// _ is a Discards
/*
 * Tuple
 */
public static void Main()
{
  var (_, _, _, pop1, _, pop2) = QueryCityDataForYears("New York City", 1960, 2010);
...

private static (string, double, int, int, int, int) QueryCityDataForYears(string name, int year1, int year2)
{
...

/* 
 * Object
 */
public Person(string fname, string mname, string lname, string cityName, string stateName)
{
...

public void Deconstruct(out string fname, out string lname, out string city, out string state)
{
  fname = FirstName;
  lname = LastName;
  city = City;
  state = State;
}

var p = new Person("John", "Quincy", "Adams", "Boston", "MA");
// Deconstruct the person object.
var (fName, _, city, _) = p;
...

// Declare the generic class.
public class Generic<T>
{
    public T Field;
}

public static void Main()
{
    Generic<string> g = new Generic<string>();
    g.Field = "A string";
    //...
    Console.WriteLine("Generic.Field           = \"{0}\"", g.Field);
    Console.WriteLine("Generic.Field.GetType() = {0}", g.Field.GetType().FullName);
}