Standard Linux Commands and Their Outputs

File Operations

ls: List directory contents

  $ ls
  file1.txt  file2.txt  dir1/

pwd: Print working directory

  $ pwd
  /home/user

Text Operations

cat: Display file content

  $ cat file1.txt
  This is the content of file1.

head: Display the beginning of a file

  $ head file1.txt
  First line of the file.

tail: Display the end of a file

  $ tail file1.txt
  Last line of the file.

System Information

uname -a: Display system information

  $ uname -a
  Linux hostname 5.4.0-42-generic #46-Ubuntu SMP Fri Jul 10 00:24:02 UTC 2020 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

free: Display memory usage

  $ free -h
            total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
  Mem:      7.7Gi       1.2Gi       5.8Gi       123Mi       717Mi       6.2Gi
  Swap:     2.0Gi          0B       2.0Gi

Networking

ping: Test network connection

  $ ping -c 4 google.com
  PING google.com (172.217.22.14) 56(84) bytes of data.
  64 bytes from fra15s11-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.22.14): icmp_seq=1 ttl=53 time=29.3 ms
  ...

Miscellaneous

echo: Display a line of text
bash $ echo "Hello, World!" Hello, World!
history: Display command history
bash $ history 1 ls 2 cd .. 3 pwd ...

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Standard Linux Commands and Their Outputs

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File Operations

Text Operations

System Information

Networking

Miscellaneous

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