Hello Readers,
My name is Santosha S Chikkur, and I work at Luxoft India as a Junior Software Developer. Luxoft has given me several opportunities to work on various projects, which has inspired me to learn the essential processes involved in developing AUTOSAR Modulеs and Add-Ons "Electric and Hybrid Vehicle technology."

Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technology: Introduction to Electric Vehicle (LEV), Electric Hybrid Vehicle (TLEV), Utility Vehicle (ULV), Utility Vehicle (ZEV), Electric Vehicle (ULV) & Zero -Emission Vehicle (ZEV)
-Electric Vehicle Basic Components
-Electric Vehicle Batteries
-Electric Vehicle Motor and Controller
-Electric Vehicle Construction Features
-Electric Vehicle Conversion Factors
-Electric Vehicle Converting Factors
-Electric Vehicle Hybrid Vehicle Types - Series Hybrid and Parallel
Hybrid
-Electric Vehicle layouts
-Electric Vehicle Comparison
-Electric Vehicle Power Systems
-Electric vehicle control systems now include regenerative braking. Recent trends in automotive power plants include stratified charged/lean burn engines, hydrogen engines, electric propulsion using cables, and magnetic track vehicles.

Electric And Hybrid Vehicle Technology:

Most of the vehicles on the road these days are arranged with IC engines, which are fueled by fossil control. As we all know, Fossil powers are a well-suited illustration of a Non-Renewable source of vitality, hence a time with no fuel for our Vehicles isn't as well distant
. Also, IC Engine-powered Vehicles contribute a great number of Pollutants to our environment. As a result of these major challenges, we as Automobile Engineers have to come up with new ways to power our wheels and the best solution to this puzzle is the Electric and Hybrid Vehicles.

As the name suggests, Electric vehicles are powered by electricity and use Electric Motors for Traction purposes. Electricity may be stored on rechargeable batteries or any other energy storage devices in the case of electric cars, and electric power may be collected from Generator Plants through overhead lines as in the case of other forms of EV (Electric Vehicle) like electric trains.

HYBRID Vehicles use more than one Power Source to power our wheel. For case, an ELECTRIC Crossover, like the Toyota Prius employments an Electric engine as well as an IC Motor as control plants.

ZEV Concepts

An office named CARB (California Discuss Asset Board) brings in a few Measures to play down discuss contamination, and a curious thought was to energize the advancement and utilize of Zero Outflow Vehicles (ZEVs). The ZEV program was thus born and evolved since its birth in the 1990s. The partial or low-emission categories of vehicles created as a part of the ZEV program are listed below.

TLEV (Transitional Low Emission Vehicles):- Introduction of TLEV categories was introduced in the year 1994 and the primary aim was to reduce emissions. Some of the vehicles manufactured in the 1990s were capable of meeting the TLEV standards without many Engineering modifications if they were operated with “Clean” Fuels. TLEV standard was phased out by the year 2004.

LEV (Low Emission Vehicles):- They are Categories of vehicles with cleaner outflows than TLEVs and all light vehicles sold on and after the year 2004 in California were required to fulfill LEV standards. The development of LEVs is a result of advancements in engineering and technology, like the introduction of techniques like Preheating catalytic converters, Variable Valve Timing, Lean Burn Engines, etc.

ULEV (Ultra Low emission Vehicles):- They are 50% cleaner than the average new vehicle sold in the year 2003. Hybrid vehicles can fulfill ULEV standards like the Honda Jazz Hybrid. They can be defined as cars that produce 75g or less CO2 per kilometer from the tailpipe.

ZEV (Zero Emission Vehicles):- They are 98% cleaner than the Average new vehicle manufactured in the year 2003. They have almost zero tailpipe emission of any Pollutants.
Electric and Hydrogen fuel vehicles are the most excellent cases of ZEVs. Currently, only a few cars meet the ZEV regulations like the Electric- Tesla Roadster, Fuel cell cars like the Mercedes-Benz F-Cell, etc.

ELECTRIC VEHICLES

An Electric Vehicle (EV), also referred to as an electric drive vehicle, maybe a vehicle that employments one or more electric engines for driving. Depending on the sort of vehicle, movement may be given by wheels or propellers driven by rotary motors. All-electric vehicles (EVs) run on electricity only. They are moved by one or more electric engines fueled by rechargeable battery packs. EVs have a few points of interest over vehicles with inner combustion motors (Frosts):

• Energy efficient. Electric vehicles change over almost 59%–62% of the electrical vitality from the lattice to control the wheels—conventional gasoline vehicles as they changed over approximately 17%–21% of the vitality put away in gasoline to control the wheels.
• Environmentally friendly. EVs radiate no tailpipe toxins, even though the control plant creating the power may radiate them. Power from atomic-, hydro-, sun powered-, or wind-powered plants causes no discussed poisons.
• Performance benefits. Electric engines give calm, smooth operation and more grounded increasing speed and require less upkeep than Frosts.
• Reduce energy dependence. Electricity is a domestic energy source.

EVs do, however, face significant battery-related challenges:

• Driving range. Most EVs can as it were go around 100–200 miles time recently reviving, while gasoline vehicles can go over 300 miles sometime recently refueling.
• Recharge time.
Completely energizing the battery pack can take 4 to 8 hours. Indeed a "speedy charge" to 80% capacity can take 30 min.
• Battery cost: The large battery packs are expensive and may need to be replaced one or more times.
• Bulk & weight: Battery packs are overwhelming and take up significant vehicle space. Be that as it may, analysts are working on moving forward with battery advances to extend driving and diminish energizing time, weight, and fetched. These factors will ultimately decide the long run of EVs.

This will be continued in the next article, including examples. Please let me know in the comments below if you have any questions. Thanks for reading.