What is scope? According to Merriam-Webster, scope is space or opportunity for unhampered motion, activity, or thought. Merriam-Webster also defines it as the extent of treatment, activity, or influence. Scope in computer science terms is defined as the region of a computer program where the binding is valid: where the name can be used to refer to the entity. According MDN (JavaScript documentation) - “scope is the current context of execution. The context in which values and expressions are 'visible' or can be referenced.”

There are three levels of scope in JavaScript (JS).

1. Global Scope

2. Function Scope

Let's take a look at each of these scopes in this read. I'd like to quickly point out that I will be using the same code snippet throughout this read. Please make sure to look for the comments in the code snippets. I did this intentionally because we are discussing scope, context and the scope chain. Check for those comments!

Global scope is the outer most scope in JS. Any variable defined outside of {}'s (not in a function) lives in global scope. Variables defined in global scope are "visible" anywhere in the application file.

For example:

let pizzaDough = 'brooklyn style'

// The variable pizzaDough lives in global scope (notice it is defined outside of any function). You can ignore the rest of this code for now.

function orderPizza() {
  const sauce = 'marinara'

  function pizzaToppings() {
    const cheese = 'mozzarella'

    return pizzaDough + ' with ' + sauce + ' and ' + cheese + ' please!'

  }

  const wholePizza = pizzaToppings();

  return wholePizza;
}

orderPizza();

Both function scope and block scope are considered to be local scopes. Variables defined in a local scope are 'visible', and therefore executable, only in a specific part of your code.

Let’s first look at an example of function scope:

let pizzaDough = 'brooklyn style'

// The variable sauce is NOT visible here (sauce's outer context). Remember, this context is global scope.

function orderPizza() {
  const sauce = 'marinara'

  // The variable sauce is defined and visible in the function orderPizza. The variable sauce is not visible in it's outer context.

  function pizzaToppings() {
    const cheese = 'mozzarella'

    return pizzaDough + ' with ' + sauce + ' and ' + cheese + ' please!'

  }

  const wholePizza = pizzaToppings();

  return wholePizza;
}

orderPizza();

Before we look at an example of block scope, I would first like to briefly discuss the scope chain in JS.
When resolving variables, inner functions first look at their own scope. If the variable is not assigned locally (inside the aforementioned inner function's scope), then JS will look at the outer context of said function for the variable's value. This process of continuously checking outer context when needed is the scope chain.

Earlier we saw that variables defined in global scope are "visible" anywhere in the application file. It is becuase of the scope chain that this is true! A final note on the scope chain: scope chaining is unidirectional. This means that JS will chain in only one direction; from inner most context (function scope in the example code) to outer most context (always global scope). Check out the image below for a visual representation of scope and think about scope chain before you look at the example code again.

Now, in the code below, we can see an example of the scope chain in action. Go ahead and try running this code yourself!

You should see the following output:

let pizzaDough = 'brooklyn style'

function orderPizza() {
  const sauce = 'marinara'

  function pizzaToppings() {
    const cheese = 'mozzarella'

    return pizzaDough + ' with ' + sauce + ' and ' + cheese + ' please!'

  }

  const wholePizza = pizzaToppings();

  return wholePizza;
}

orderPizza();

// => 'brooklyn style with marinara and mozzarella please!'

Let's break down what happens when the code is run. In the above code, the function pizzaToppings first looks inside its own scope for the values to the variables: pizzaDough sauce and cheese. It sees that cheese is assigned a value of "mozzarella" but it cannot see the assigned values for the other two variables, yet. JS then checks pizzaToppings's outer context (orderPizza's context in this case) and sees the assigned value for sauce: "marinara". Finally, JS continues up the scope chain to find the assigned value for pizzaDough: "brooklyn style".

Pretty neat huh!? Now, hopefully you understand a bit more about scope and scope chain in JS.