Hello! This post will be about "Basic commands" just like what the topic said. We will cover 2 types of SQL commands; DDL commands and DML commands. Let's see what these 2 mean first...

DDL, or Data Definition Language, is used to create and/or modify the structure of a database and database objects¹. DDL commands include CREATE, ALTER, RENAME, DROP, and TRUNCATE.

DML, or Data Manipulation Language, is used to manipulate data in the server ². DML commands include INSERT, DELETE, UPDATE, LOCK, and MERGE.

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1) DDL Commands

Now let's look at some DDL commands that we commonly use.

-- Create a database user account --
CREATE LOGIN login_name
WITH PASSWORD = 'type_password_here';
GO  -- this is optional. If the above command doesn't work, the program won't stop and keep GOing --

-- Create user and add server role --
CREATE USER user_name FOR LOGIN login_name
GO
EXEC sp_addsrvrolemember 'login_name', 'role'
GO

When we successfully enter into the server, we don't want to use sa, or system administrator, user account. Thus, we will create a new account into the server using the above commands. The role can be sysadmin.

Create a new database

CREATE DATABASE database_name COLLATE THAI_CI_AS
GO

According to this site, collation is a set of rules that tell database engine how to compare and sort the character data in SQL Server.

What we did above is creating a database and naming it whatever you put in the database_name part while also specifying some set of rules; in this case, THAI_CI_AS.

Delete an existing database

DROP DATABASE database_name
GO

-- optional step --
-- checking to see if database_name exists --
IF EXISTS(SELECT * FROM sys.databases WHERE name='database_name')
DROP DATABASE database_name -- if it exists, drop it --

Sometimes, there's an error saying cannot drop database "database_name" because it is currently in use.. In order to solve this, we will switch to another database using the following command.

USE master  -- every SQL server will have one --

2) DML Commands

After creating a database (or two), we can now create tables inside!

Create a new table

CREATE TABLE database_name.schema_name.table_name  -- usually we use dbo schema --
(
      column_name1 data_type(size),
      column_name2 data_type(size),
      ...
);

-- AN EXAMPLE --
CREATE TABLE test_db.dbo.Staff
(
      StaffId int,
      LastName varchar(255),
      FirstName varchar(255)
);

Delete an existing table

DROP TABLE database_name.schema_name.table_name 
-- or --
DROP TABLE table_name

Insert a new record into a table

INSERT INTO table_name
VALUES (value1, value2, value3);

--enter multiple records --
INSERT INTO table_name
VALUES (value1, value2, value3),
       (value1, value2, value3),
       (value1, value2, value3),
       ...
       (value1, value2, value3);

However, if your table has 4 values to insert, but you would like to insert only 3 values, there are 2 approaches to not cause an error.

-- 1) use null --
INSERT INTO table_name
VALUES(value1, value2, value3, null);

-- 2) specify which column you want to insert into --
INSERT INTO table_name(column1, column2, column3)
VALUES (value1, value2, value3);

Update an existing record

UPDATE table_name
SET column1=value1, column2=value2,...
WHERE condition;

-- for example --
-- updating all records in Staff --
UPDATE Staff
SET Address = 'Bangkok'
-- updating only StaffId = 124 --
UPDATE Staff
SET Address = 'Chiang Mai'
WHERE StaffId = 124;

Delete an existing record

DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE condition;    -- this is optional --

And that's all for this part, see you in the next part!

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Basic DB Using SQL Server (Part 1) - Basic commands!

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