Today we'll discuss two fundamental qualities of JavaScript functions and systems: side effects and purity. I also demonstrate an approach to organizing programs around these qualities with a couple of functions from my functional programming library, rubico.

A function is pure if it satisfies the following conditions:

• Its return value is the same for the same arguments
• Its evaluation has no side effects

A function's side effect is a modification of some kind of state beyond a function's control - for instance:

• Changing the value of a variable;
• Writing some data to disk;
• Enabling or disabling a button in the User Interface.

Here are some more instances of side effects

• reading data from a file
• making a request to a REST API
• writing to a database
• reading from a database
• logging out to console

Indeed, console.log is a side-effecting function.

// console.log(message string) -> undefined
console.log('hey') // undefined

In pure math terms, console.log takes a string and returns undefined, which isn't so useful. However, console.log is very useful in practice because of its side effect: logging any arguments you pass it out to the console. I like console.log because it only does one thing and does it well: log stuff out to the console. When the most straightforward solutions to real life challenges involve a mixture of side-effects and pure computations at a similar execution time, it's useful to have functions like console.log that have isolated, predictable behavior. My opinion is it's misguided to try to temporally separate side-effects and pure computations in JavaScript for the sake of mathematical purity - it's just not practical. Rather, my approach is to isolate side effects to simple functions like console.log.

I'll demonstrate with a function add10 with several different side effects. add10 is not pure.

let numCalls = 0

const add10 = number => {
  console.log('add10 called with', number)
  numCalls += 1
  console.log('add10 called', numCalls, 'times')
  return number + 10
}

add10(10) /*
add10 called with 10
add10 called 1 times
20
*/

add10 has the side effects of logging out to the console, mutating the variable numCalls, and logging out again. Both console.log statements have side effects because they use the function console.log, which has the side effect of logging out to the console. The statement numCalls += 1 also has a side effect because the variable numCalls is state beyond the control of the function.

By refactoring the console logs and the variable mutation to an outside function add10WithSideEffects, we can have a pure add10.

let numCalls = 0

const add10 = number => number + 10

const add10WithSideEffects = number => {
  console.log('add10 called with', 10)
  numCalls += 1
  console.log('add10 called', numCalls, 'times')
  return add10(10)
}

add10WithSideEffects(10) /*
add10 called with 10
add10 called 1 times
20
*/

Keep in mind that while add10 is now pure, all we've done is move our side effects outside the scope of add10 and into the more explicit add10WithSideEffects. Now we're being explicit about the side effects at least, but it's still a bit messy in my eyes. As far as vanilla JavaScript goes, this code is fine. However, I think we can get cleaner with my functional programming library, rubico.

The functions are simple enough at their core so that if you don't want to use a library, you can take these versions of the functions in vanilla JavaScript. Introducing: pipe and tap

/**
 * @name pipe
 *
 * @synopsis
 * pipe(funcs Array<function>)(value any) -> result any
 */
const pipe = funcs => function pipeline(value) {
  let result = value
  for (const func of funcs) result = func(result)
  return result
}

/**
 * @name tap
 *
 * @synopsis
 * tap(func function)(value any) -> value
 */
const tap = func => function tapping(value) {
  func(value)
  return value
}

• pipe takes an array of functions and chains them all together, calling the next function with the previous function's output. We'll use pipe as a base foundation to organize our side effects.
• tap takes a single function and makes it always return whatever input it was passed. When you use tap on a function, you're basically saying "don't care about the return from this function, just call the function with input and give me back my input". tap is great for functions responsible for a single side-effect like console.log. We'll use tap to separate our side-effects by function.

const logCalledWith = number => console.log('add10 called with', number)

let numCalls = 0

const incNumCalls = () => numCalls += 1

const logNumCalls = () => console.log('add10 called', numCalls, 'times')

const add10 = number => number + 10

const add10WithSideEffects = pipe([
  tap(logCalledWith),
  tap(incNumCalls),
  tap(logNumCalls),
  add10,
])

add10WithSideEffects(10) /*
add10 called with 10
add10 called 1 times
20
*/

We've isolated the console.log and variable mutation side effects to the edges of our code by defining them in their own functions. The final program is a composition of those side effecting functions and a pure function add10. To be clear, add10WithSideEffects is not pure; all we've done is move our side effects out to their own functions and, in a way, declare them with tap. The goal here is not to be pure for purity's sake, but to have clean, readable code with organized side-effects.

• logCalledWith takes a number and logs 'add10 called with' number
• incNumCalls takes nothing and increments the global variable numCalls
• logNumCalls takes nothing and logs the global variable numCalls

All of these functions are singly responsible for what they do. When used with pipe and tap in add10WithSideEffects, the side effects of our program are clear.

Thanks for reading! You can find the rest of this series in the awesome resources section of rubico.

Photo credits:
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/213639576046186615/

Sources:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_function
https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/40297/what-is-a-side-effect