Javascript can be found everywhere nowadays ,from browser to server, from mobile to desktop, even in hybrid apps as well. Also It has a vast community behind it with an equally incredible eco-system which is contineously evolving in a proper way .

All of this led it to become one of the most preferred language to learn for newbies like me for getting a job in near future . But a lot of us never try to find out how it is actually working behind the scene , unless they have a interview scheduled next week .

That's why this article is an attempt to give everyone a heads up about the basics ..so without further ado ..let's get going then..

Have you ever thought how come all the modern browsers understand javascript ? who is translating it for them ?

They all have something similar...A Javascript Engine built into them...

What Is Javascript Engine now ?

A Javascript Engine nothing but a program written normally in C and C++ , which goes through the javascript code one line at a time and convert it to the machine readable format so that the cpu can understand and execute it .

Some famous javascript engines are :

• V8 – engine used in Opera & Chrome.
• SpiderMonkey – engine used in Firefox.
• SquirrelFish – engine used in Safari.

Ok, So What's in this Engine ?

It is mainly consist of two main parts :

• Memory Heap
• Call Stack

What are those now ?

• Memory Heap- Whenever you define a variable, constant,
  object,etc in your javascript program, you need some place to
  store it first , That place is nothing but the memory heap.

  So Whenever we define a variable likevar a = 10, a
  location in the memory is assigned to store the value of a.

  However there is something important here to remember , the
  available memory in Memory Heap is limited . So even if
  Javascript offers a effective garbage collection mecanism
  automatically, Memory leaks can still occur due to various
  reasons like Using Global Variables or Using Too Many Event
  Listeners etc etc.

• Call stack - The Call Stack is nothing but a data
  structure,which records basically where in the program we are.
  As JavaScript is a single-threaded programming language, it
  has only one Call Stack .

  Which means whenever we execute a function i.e we put it on
  the top of the stack or when we return from a function i.e we
  pop it off from the top of stack , all of it happens one at a
  time.

  Call stack size is also limited like Memory Heap . So whenever
  a program attempts to use more space than there is available,
  Stack Overflow occurs .

Why does Javascript choose to be single threaded ?

Because it is easy and less complicated than multi-threaded environment,
where sometimes you have to deal with scenarios like Deadlocks and all .

But isn't it limiting ? What's gonna happen when things are slow ?

Yes . If we process things like image processing or network request synchronously, It can be a cause of browser getting stuck or block .
And that's not the only problem you are going to encounter here . Once the browser starts to process all the remaining tasks, It may stop being responsive for a quite long time .

I think all of you must remeber this page unresponsive error .

So How to prevent Blocking then ?

Well , the answer is Asynchronous Callbacks .

Wait , you just said it is a single threaded langunage,then how does it handle Asynchronous Callbacks ?

Well it turns out I have been telling you partial truth this whole time . There's more to the browser than just the engine . It also consist of Event Loop and Call back Queue along with various Web APIs like the DOM,
AJAX (XMLHttpRequest), setTImeout() and many more .

So, you are saying setTimeout() is not a part of javascript then ?

Yes , Technically it's not a part of javascript engine . As it provided by the
Web APIs .

Can you give us a example ?

Sure , Consider the following the codes..

console.log('1');
setTimeout(()=>{
   console.log('2');
},5000);
console.log('3');

As you all know, the output gonna be like this

1
3
2

but do you know how does it arrive at this output ...let me walk you through this ..step by step..

Five seconds later...

I have a doubt , What if the setTimeout() is set to 0 ?

The result is still going to be same , As the callback by any means not going to pass through the Event Loop untill the stack is complete empty .

Ok,.this looks interesting , Where can I find out about this more ?

I have choose to not going into too much depth about it because if you are only starting out it might be overwhelming for you already . But for those who are into the game a little bit longer, I believe the following resources can help them for sure .

https://medium.com/better-programming/how-javascript-works-1706b9b66c4d

https://blog.bitsrc.io/how-does-javascript-really-work-part-1-7681dd54a36d

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8aGhZQkoFbQ&feature=emb_title