If you ever had to deal with binaries in Javascript, you know you can't escape from Bitwise operators, bits, bytes and hexadecimals. I know because over the last two week or so, I've spent my time building a CHIP-8 emulator in Javascript, and I had to implement a CPU in Javascript. And, of course, without the knowledge of neither binaries nor bitwise operators,
such implementation would be impossible. That is why, today, we are going to talk about how to become a kickass bitwise ninja, but before we start talking about binaries in general we should have a solid understanding regarding:

• What is Binary?
• What is Byte?
• What is Hexadecimal?

Binary

As you may have heard, binaries nothing but 1s and 0s streaming through your hardware. In essence, everything in our computers is binaries, but also in real life, we somehow use binaries as well.
A logical example for binary would be a Light Bulb; a light bulb has only two states it's either open(1) or close(0). Now you may say, okay there are only 2 states in a light bulb, but how do only two digits make up all this stuff?
The good thing is we can combine the values like 0101 or 1000 etc. With having more 1s in hand we can construct meaningful things such as:
Colors, Strings, Numbers.

Everything is consist of Bits, Nibbles and Bytes. If there is only one it's a Bit, if there are 4 bits it's a Nibble, if there are 8 bits it's a Byte.
If you are curious, in Javascript to reveal the secret of binaries we have few options:

0b1111; // If you type this in your browser's console it will prompt: 15
parseInt(1111, 2); // This will also prompt: 15

Number(15).toString(2); // toString() turns your value into base-2 format which is binary

If you are wondering how 1111 become 15 don't worry I got you. Key thing to remember everything is at base-2 format.

   1       1       1         1
   ↓       ↓       ↓         ↓
   2³      2²      2¹        2⁰
   ↓       ↓       ↓         ↓
   8   +   4   +   2     +   1  = 15

Let's sum up Binaries

• It's in base-2 format.
• It's consist of bit.
• The prefix 0b used.

Hexadecimal

Hexadecimals(also base 16) aren't so different than binaries. If we wanted to display decimal 255 in binary format we would have something like this: 0b11111111 8-bit long digits.
But, what if we wanted to display 4095 or 65535. You see where this is going it's becoming more and more difficult to present them in binary(base-2) format. Instead of
displaying them as binaries people come up with hexadecimal to present them in a more readable format.

To make these calculations at your browser:

0x1111; // If you type this in your browser's console it will prompt: 4369
parseInt(1111, 16); // This will also prompt: 4369

Number(4369).toString(16); // toString() turns your value into base-16 format which is hexadecimal

Let's see how does your browser make that calculation.

   1       1       1         1
   ↓       ↓       ↓         ↓
   16³      16²    16¹       16⁰
   ↓       ↓       ↓         ↓
 4,096  +  256  +  16    +   1  = 4369

Now, if you are curious about 0xFF, in hexadecimal we are not limited by 1 and 0 we can also use other numbers up to 9, but what comes after 9 ?
Let's see.

Now you have an adequate amount of knowledge to see why 0xFF becomes 255.

Let's sum up Hexadecimals

• It's in base-16 format.
• It's consist of bytes.
• Each Hexadecimal digit represents four bits.
• The prefix 0x used.

Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operations work on binary format at the level of individual bits and it's a lot faster than doing arithmetic operations supported by programming languages.
If you are used to low-level programming, you are probably already familiar with these concepts. Nonetheless, if you are trying to build a pseudo-CPU, low-level programming or
learn more about memory efficiency in Javascript, please, read on.

There are several operators:

• Bitwise AND (&)
• Bitwise OR (|)
• Bitwise XOR (^)
• Bitwise NOT (~)
• Bitwise Left Shift (<<)
• Bitwise Right Shift (>>)

Bitwise AND (&)

The And operator(&) is quite simple it returns a 1 in each bit position for which the corresponding bits of both operands are 1s.

//If we apply & to this binaries

Binary #1      1 1 1 0
               | | | |
Binary #2      1 0 1 0
               ------- &
Result:        1 0 1 0  // Only takes 1s from both binaries

In Javascript: 0b1110 & 0b1010 // Returns 10

Practical example for And(&) would be bitmasking. A bitmask is a pattern of isolating the positions of bits we're interested in.
Let's suppose we are only interested in first 8 bits of first binary.

0100010000110010
        ^------^ Here is our 8bit
0000000011111111
--------------------- &
0000000000110010

Bitwise OR (|)

The Or operator(|) similar to And, but instead returns a 1 in each bit position for which the corresponding bits of either or both operands are 1s.

Binary #1      1 1 1 0
               | | | |
Binary #2      1 0 1 0
               ------- |
Result:        1 1 1 0  // Takes 1s from both binaries

In Javascript: 0b1110 | 0b1010 // Returns 14

Bitwise XOR (^)

The Xor operator(^) returns a 1 in each bit position for which the corresponding bits of either but not both operands are 1s.

Binary #1      1 1 1 0
               | | | |
Binary #2      1 0 1 0
               ------- ^
Result:        0 1 0 0  // If only one of two bits is 1, then set bit to 1

In Javascript: 0b1110 ^ 0b1010 // Returns 4

Bitwise NOT (~)

The Not operator(~) one of the easiest among others we simply invert 1s to 0s and 0s to 1s.

Binary #1      1 1 1 0
               ------- ~
Result:        0 0 0 1  // if only one of two bits is 1, then set bit to 1

In Javascript: ~0b1110 // Returns -15

Bitwise Left Shift (<<)

The Left Shift operator(<<) simply adds 0s to right of your binary by shifting others to left. This is generally used when we want to make room at the end of
our binary.

Binary #1      1 1 1 0
               ------- << 8
Result:        1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0  // if only one of two bits is 1, then set bit to 1

In Javascript: 0b11100000 << 8 // Returns 57344

Every shift left also multiplies your number as much as you shift left. If you shift 0b1110 << 1 this will give us 28 since 0b1110 was 14.

Bitwise Right Shift (>>)

The Right Shift operator(>>) deletes from right as much as your shift value.

Binary #1      1 1 1 0
               ------- >> 1
Result:        0 1 1 1  // if only one of two bits is 1, then set bit to 1

In Javascript: 0b1110 >> 1 // Returns 7

That's all there is to it.

Roundup

• Performing some operations at binary level will be faster than regular operations.
• The bitwise operators are mandatory if we have to deal with cases like bitmasking.
• Must learn the shifting operations if we are saving some space or clipping a part for future use.

Thanks for reading 🥳🥳🥳.