In this article, we will discuss the SQL JOIN command, which is used when there is a need to combine two or more tables. This command is essential when querying information that is distributed across different tables but has some kind of relationship or link.

There are several approaches to execute this type of join. Some of them are:

• INNER JOIN
• LEFT JOIN
• RIGHT JOIN
• FULL OUTER JOIN
• CROSS JOIN

INNER JOIN

Returns only the records that have a match in both tables involved in the join. Records without a match are excluded from the result.

The basic syntax for performing a JOIN involves specifying the tables involved and the join conditions, typically defined by the ON clause, where the related fields in the tables are indicated.

LEFT JOIN

Returns all records from the left table (the first table listed) along with corresponding records from the right table (the second table listed). If there is no match in the right table, the fields associated with that table will contain null values.

To perform this join, we use the following command:

We can perform the LEFT JOIN excluding the INNER JOIN results, this is called LEFT JOIN EXCLUDING INNER JOIN.

To perform this join, we use the following command:

RIGHT JOIN

Similar to the LEFT JOIN but returns all records from the right table with their corresponding records from the left table. Records without a match in the left table will result in null values in the associated fields.

To perform this join, we use the following command:

Just like in the LEFT JOIN, we can also exclude results from the INNER JOIN in the RIGHT JOIN, this is called RIGHT JOIN EXCLUDING INNER JOIN.

To perform this join, we use the following command:

FULL OUTER JOIN

Or simply FULL JOIN, returns all records from both tables, including records that have no match in the opposite table. Fields without a match will contain null values.

To perform this join, we use the following command:

There is also FULL JOIN EXCLUDING INNER JOIN, which is a FULL JOIN excluding the INNER JOIN.

To perform this join, we use the following command:

CROSS JOIN

It is a type of join that combines all rows from two or more tables involved, producing a result set that is the Cartesian product of these tables. This means that each row from the first table will be combined with all rows from the second table and so on, generating all possible combinations.

Syntax

Note that we don't have the "ON A.KEY = B.KEY" in this case because we're not relating the columns.

In this example, the query returns all possible combinations between table A and table B. If there are 10 records in table A and 5 records in table B, the result will contain 50 rows, combining each record from table A with all records from table B.

Generally, CROSS JOIN is not as commonly used as other types of JOINs because in most cases, we are interested in combining records based on specific relationship criteria. However, in some scenarios, it can be useful, such as generating Cartesian combinations or producing specific results in complex reports.

Below is an image summarizing the most common JOINs.

In conclusion, JOIN clauses in SQL are an essential part of data manipulation and analysis in relational databases. They allow you to combine data from multiple tables based on key relationships, thereby expanding the ability to extract valuable information from interconnected datasets.

1. Data Connection: JOIN clauses enable you to merge information from different tables, which is crucial for building complex queries that retrieve related data from various sources.
2. Various Types of JOINs: SQL offers different types of joins, such as INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN, and FULL JOIN, each suitable for specific scenarios. This provides flexibility in data retrieval.
3. Complex Relationships: Joins are crucial when dealing with complex databases that have many tables with relationships between them. They help bring clarity and organization to your data.
4. Data-Driven Decision Making: Mastering JOIN clauses is essential for professionals seeking to obtain accurate information from databases, which, in turn, supports data-informed decision making.

In summary, understanding JOIN clauses in SQL is a critical skill for anyone working with data in a relational database environment. Mastering the art of joining and relating tables allows you to extract valuable insights, build complex reports, and ultimately make decisions based on solid data. Therefore, deepening your knowledge of joins is an important step on the journey to becoming an efficient data management and analysis professional.