When working with collections, we often need to find a specific item that satisfies a certain condition—such as finding the highest, lowest, or most suitable element based on custom logic. While traditional loops can solve such problems, they are often verbose and harder to maintain. LINQ and extension methods provide a more elegant, efficient, and reusable way to solve these problems.

In this article, we’ll explore how to simplify such scenarios using LINQ’s Aggregate method and encapsulate the logic into a reusable extension method called WithMaximum. We will break down the solution step by step and explain every detail to make it easy to understand.

Scenario: Selecting the Best Employee

Imagine we have a system that assigns tasks to employees. Each employee has:

• Name: Their name.
• SkillLevel: A measure of their proficiency.
• IsAvailable: Whether they are available for a task.

The goal is to assign a task to the most skilled available employee.

Step 1: Basic LINQ Approach

A common LINQ solution might look like this:

public Employee GetBestCandidate(IEnumerable<Employee> employees)
{
    return employees
        .Where(e => e.IsAvailable)
        .OrderByDescending(e => e.SkillLevel)
        .FirstOrDefault();
}

• Where: Filters out unavailable employees.
• OrderByDescending: Sorts by SkillLevel in descending order.
• FirstOrDefault: Picks the first employee from the sorted list (the one with the highest skill level).

This approach works but is inefficient because it sorts the entire collection. Sorting has a time complexity of (O(N \log N)), which can be unnecessary if you only need the top result.

Step 2: Efficient Solution with Aggregate

We can improve efficiency by avoiding sorting. LINQ’s Aggregate method lets us scan the collection in a single pass ((O(N))), making it faster for this task.

public Employee GetBestCandidate(IEnumerable<Employee> employees)
{
    return employees
        .Where(e => e.IsAvailable)
        .Aggregate((currentBest, next) =>
            currentBest == null || next.SkillLevel > currentBest.SkillLevel ? next : currentBest);
}

• Aggregate:
  • Reduces the collection to a single value (the most skilled employee).
  • Compares each employee’s SkillLevel to the current best.

However, Aggregate can be verbose and harder to read, especially for complex conditions. To improve readability, we’ll encapsulate this logic into a reusable extension method.

Step 3: Encapsulating Logic in WithMaximum

The WithMaximum extension method allows us to find the element with the highest value based on a custom criterion. Let’s break it down line by line to fully understand how it works.

Code

public static class EnumerableExtensions
{
    public static T WithMaximum<T, TKey>(
        this IEnumerable<T> source,
        Func<T, TKey> selector)
        where T : class
        where TKey : IComparable<TKey>
    {
        var tuples = source.Select(item => (Item: item, Key: selector(item)));

        var result = tuples.Aggregate(
            seed: (Item: null as T, Key: default(TKey)),
            (currentBest, next) =>
                currentBest.Item == null || next.Key.CompareTo(currentBest.Key) > 0
                    ? next
                    : currentBest
        );

        return result.Item;
    }
}

Step-by-Step Breakdown

1. Method Declaration

   public static T WithMaximum<T, TKey>(
       this IEnumerable<T> source,
       Func<T, TKey> selector)

• Extension Method: The this keyword makes this an extension method for IEnumerable<T>. You can call it directly on any sequence (e.g., employees.WithMaximum(...)).
• Generic Parameters:
  • T: The type of elements in the collection (e.g., Employee).
  • TKey: The type of the value used for comparison (e.g., int for SkillLevel).
• Func<T, TKey> selector:
  • A function that takes an element of type T and returns its key of type TKey (e.g., e => e.SkillLevel).

1. Generic Constraints

   where T : class
   where TKey : IComparable<TKey>

• T : class:
  • Ensures T is a reference type, so null can be used as the initial seed.
• TKey : IComparable<TKey>:
  • Ensures TKey supports comparisons (CompareTo) so we can determine the maximum.

1. Precomputing Keys with Select

   var tuples = source.Select(item => (Item: item, Key: selector(item)));

• Purpose: Precomputes the key for each element to avoid recalculating it multiple times.
• Result: Transforms each element into a tuple containing:
  • Item: The original element.
  • Key: The computed value (e.g., SkillLevel).

Example:
If source contains:

   Alice (SkillLevel: 85)
   Bob (SkillLevel: 90)

And selector is e => e.SkillLevel, then tuples becomes:

   [
       (Item: Alice, Key: 85),
       (Item: Bob, Key: 90)
   ]

1. Aggregating with Aggregate

   var result = tuples.Aggregate(
       seed: (Item: null as T, Key: default(TKey)),
       (currentBest, next) =>
           currentBest.Item == null || next.Key.CompareTo(currentBest.Key) > 0
               ? next
               : currentBest
   );

• seed:
  • Initial value: (Item: null, Key: default(TKey)).
  • Item: Starts as null.
  • Key: Starts as the default value for TKey (e.g., 0 for int).
• Logic:
  • Compare next.Key with currentBest.Key:
    • If currentBest.Item is null or next.Key is greater, update currentBest to next.
    • Otherwise, keep currentBest.

Example:

• Iteration 1:
  • currentBest = (null, 0), next = (Alice, 85)
  • currentBest is null, so currentBest = (Alice, 85).
• Iteration 2:
  • currentBest = (Alice, 85), next = (Bob, 90)
  • 90 > 85, so currentBest = (Bob, 90).

1. Return the Result

   return result.Item;

• Extract the Item (original object) from the final tuple.
• In this case, it returns Bob.

Step 4: Using WithMaximum

Now the main method becomes much simpler:

public Employee GetBestCandidate(IEnumerable<Employee> employees)
{
    return employees
        .Where(e => e.IsAvailable)
        .WithMaximum(e => e.SkillLevel);
}

Full Example

Employee Class

public class Employee
{
    public string Name { get; set; }
    public int SkillLevel { get; set; }
    public bool IsAvailable { get; set; }

    public override string ToString()
    {
        return $"{Name} (Skill: {SkillLevel}, Available: {IsAvailable})";
    }
}

Extension Method

public static class EnumerableExtensions
{
    public static T WithMaximum<T, TKey>(
        this IEnumerable<T> source,
        Func<T, TKey> selector)
        where T : class
        where TKey : IComparable<TKey>
    {
        var tuples = source.Select(item => (Item: item, Key: selector(item)));

        var result = tuples.Aggregate(
            seed: (Item: null as T, Key: default(TKey)),
            (currentBest, next) =>
                currentBest.Item == null || next.Key.CompareTo(currentBest.Key) > 0
                    ? next
                    : currentBest
        );

        return result.Item;
    }
}

Main Program

class Program
{
    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        var employees = new List<Employee>
        {
            new Employee { Name = "Alice", SkillLevel = 85, IsAvailable = true },
            new Employee { Name = "Bob", SkillLevel = 90, IsAvailable = false },
            new Employee { Name = "Charlie", SkillLevel = 78, IsAvailable = true },
            new Employee { Name = "Diana", SkillLevel = 92, IsAvailable = true }
        };

        var bestCandidate = employees.GetBestCandidate();

        Console.WriteLine("Best Candidate:");
        Console.WriteLine(bestCandidate

?.ToString() ?? "No available employees.");
    }
}

Output

Best Candidate:
Diana (Skill: 92, Available: True)

Key Takeaways

1. Efficiency: WithMaximum avoids unnecessary sorting and scans the collection in a single pass.
2. Reusability: The method can be used for any type of collection and comparison logic.
3. Readability: Complex logic is encapsulated, making the consuming code clean and expressive.

This approach combines the power of LINQ and extension methods to produce code that is both efficient and maintainable.