According to the Developer Survey 2019 by StackOverflow, Python is considered to be the fastest-growing programming language. Though PyUnit (or UnitTest) is the default Selenium test automation framework in Python, many developers and testers prefer the Pytest framework.

In this introductory article of the Selenium Python tutorial series, I’ll give you a brief look at the basics of the Pytest framework. Below is the gist of the topics that I’ll cover in this Selenium Python tutorial.

Introduction To Pytest Framework

Pytest is a popular Python testing framework, primarily used for unit testing. It is open-source and the project is hosted on GitHub. pytest framework can be used to write simple unit tests as well as complex functional tests.

It eases the development of writing scalable tests in Python. Unlike the PyUnit (or unittest) framework, tests written using pytest are expressive, compact, and readable as it does not require boiler-plate code.

Selenium testing with Python & pytest is done to write scalable tests for database testing, cross browser testing, API testing, and more. It is easy to get started with pytest, as the installation process is very simple.

pytest framework is compatible with Python 3.5+ and PyPy 3. The latest version of pytest is 5.4.1.

To know more about pytest you can visit pytest website and pytest GitHub repository.

Below are some of the interesting facts about pytest obtained from the project’s GitHub repository:

Through this usability testing tutorial, you will learn how usability testing is a great way to discover unexpected bugs, find what is unnecessary or unused before going any further, and have unbiased opinions from an outsider.

Advantages Of pytest Framework

Here are some of the primary advantages of Selenium testing with Python & pytest:

• It can be used for simple as well as complex functional test cases for applications and libraries.

• Existing Python code that uses other Python testing frameworks can be ported easily to pytest.

• The Selenium test automation framework can be used for projects that practice TDD (Test Driven Development) as well as open-source projects.

• Switching to the pytest framework is easy as it is compatible with other Python test frameworks such as PyUnit (or unittest) and Nose2.

• Parameterization is supported in pytest which helps in execution of the same test with different configurations using a simple marker.

• Availability of fixtures makes it easy for common test objects to be available throughout a module/class/session/function.

In this pytest tutorial, learn how to use parameterization in pytest to write concise and maintainable test cases by running the same test code with multiple data sets.

This PyTest Tutorial for beginners and professionals will help you learn how to use Python & pytest for performing Selenium automation testing.

Getting Started With Selenium Testing With Python & pytest

As pytest is not a part of the standard Python library, it needs to be installed separately.

In case you are new to pytest framework checkout this video to know more about pytest framework & its installation.

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To install pytest, you have to execute the following command on the terminal (or command prompt) that makes use of the Python package manager (pip):

pip install –U pytest

The following command should be executed to verify the status of the installation

pytest — version

Here is the output when the installation is performed on the Windows 10 machine:

PyCharm is the most popular IDE for development using the Python language. Depending on the requirement, you can opt for the Community version or the Professional version. The community version of PyCharm is free and open-source; the same can be downloaded from PyCharm official download link.

Once the PyCharm installation is complete, it is necessary to set the default test runner as pytest. Navigate to File? Settings ?Tools ? Python Integrated Tools and select pytest to make it the default test runner.

As pytest will be used for automated browser testing, we also have to install the Selenium package for Python. Selenium for Python can be installed by executing the following command on the Windows terminal (or prompt) or on the terminal of PyCharm.

pip install -U selenium

With this the environment setup for Selenium testing with Python & pytest (including automated browser testing) is complete.

You can watch this video to learn how to write and run your first test in pytest using Selenium.

Prerequisites For Selenium Testing With Python & pytest

For using Python & pytest, you need to install Python on your machine. Along with Python 3.5+, pytest is also compatible with PyPy3. Prior knowledge of Python will be helpful in getting started with Selenium automation testing with pytest.

Since pytest will be used for automated browser testing, Selenium WebDriver for the browser under test needs to be installed. Download links for Selenium WebDriver for popular browsers is below:

It is always a good practice to install the WebDriver for the corresponding web browser in the location where the browser executable (.exe) is present. By doing this, you do not have to specify the WebDriver path when instantiating the browser.

How pytest Identifies The Test Files And Test Methods

Executing the pytest command (without mentioning a filename) on the terminal will run all the Python files that have filenames starting with test_* or ending with **_test*. These files are automatically identified as test files by the pytest framework.

The framework also mandates that the test methods should start with ‘test’ else the method will not be considered for execution. Below are two mandatory requirements for test code for Selenium testing with Python & pytest.

File naming nomenclature - File name should be test_*.py or *_test.py
Test Method nomenclature - Test method should be of the format test*

These are mandatory requirements as pytest has features built-in to the framework that supports auto-discovery of test modules and test methods (or functions).

Running Your First Selenium Test Automation Script With Python & pytest

To demonstrate Selenium testing with Python & pytest, I’ll test the LambdaTest ToDo App scenario for this Selenium Python tutorial:

1. Navigate to the URL https://lambdatest.github.io/sample-todo-app/

2. Select the first two checkboxes

3. Send ‘Happy Testing at LambdaTest’ to the textbox with id = sampletodotext

4. Click the Add Button and verify whether the text has been added or not

The implementation file (Sample.py) can be located in any directory as the invocation will be done using the filename.

Implementation

#Implementation of Selenium test automation for this Selenium Python Tutorial
import pytest
from selenium import webdriver
import sys
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
from time import sleep

def test_lambdatest_todo_app():
    chrome_driver = webdriver.Chrome()

    chrome_driver.get('https://lambdatest.github.io/sample-todo-app/')
    chrome_driver.maximize_window()

    chrome_driver.find_element_by_name("li1").click()
    chrome_driver.find_element_by_name("li2").click()

    title = "Sample page - lambdatest.com"
    assert title == chrome_driver.title

    sample_text = "Happy Testing at LambdaTest"
    email_text_field = chrome_driver.find_element_by_id("sampletodotext")
    email_text_field.send_keys(sample_text)
    sleep(5)

    chrome_driver.find_element_by_id("addbutton").click()
    sleep(5)

    output_str = chrome_driver.find_element_by_name("li6").text
    sys.stderr.write(output_str)

    sleep(2)
    chrome_driver.close()

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Code Walk-Through

Step 1 — The necessary modules are imported, namely pytest, sys, selenium, time, etc.

#importing necessary module for Selenium Python tutorial
import pytest
from selenium import webdriver
import sys

Step 2 — The test name starts with test_ (i.e. test_lambdatest_todo_app) so that pytest is able to identify the test. Using the Selenium WebDriver command, the Chrome WebDriver is instantiated. The URL is passed using the .get method in Selenium.

#Initiating ChromeDriver for this Selenium Python Tutorial
def test_lambdatest_todo_app():
chrome_driver = webdriver.Chrome()

chrome_driver.get('https://lambdatest.github.io/sample-todo-app/')
chrome_driver.maximize_window()

Step 3 — The Inspect Tool feature of the Chrome browser is used to get the details of the required web elements i.e. checkboxes with name li1 & li2 and button element with id = addbutton.

Once the web elements are located using the appropriate Selenium methods [i.e. find_element_by_name(), find_element_by_id()], necessary operations [i.e. click(), etc.] are performed on those elements.

#Identifying Required Elements and performing necessary operation on them for Selenium Python tutorial
chrome_driver.find_element_by_name("li1").click()
chrome_driver.find_element_by_name("li2").click()
.........................
.........................
chrome_driver.find_element_by_id("addbutton").click()
sleep(5)

output_str = chrome_driver.find_element_by_name("li6").text
.........................

Step 4 — The close() method of Selenium is used to release the resources held by the WebDriver instance.

chrome_driver.close()

Execution

The following command is executed on the terminal after navigating to the directory that contains the test code.

pytest SampleTest.py — verbose — capture=no

Using –verbose, the verbosity level is set to default. The –capture=no is used to capture only stderr and not stdout.

For adding more options to the pytest command, you can execute the –help option with pytest.

pytest — help

Here is the snapshot of the test execution in progress:

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Here’s a short glimpse of the Selenium Python 101 certification from LambdaTest:

In this Ad hoc testing tutorial, let’s deep dive into what Ad hoc testing is, its advantages, disadvantages, types, characteristics, and their best practices.

Wrapping It Up

In this introductory article of the ongoing Selenium Python tutorial series, I gave you a brief look at Selenium Python testing & pytest. pytest is one of the most popular Selenium test automation frameworks in Python.

We also demonstrated the usage of pytest framework with Selenium where the URL under test was LambdaTest ToDo App. pytest framework mandates a particular naming nomenclature for test methods and test files as it has auto-discovery of test modules and test methods.

The availability of fixtures and classes makes it an ideal framework for automation testing, including cross browser testing.

You should now be able to do Selenium Python testing with pytest.In case of any doubt, do reach out to us. Feel free to share this article with your peers and help us reach out to them. That’s all for now. Happy Testing!!!?