Desired Capabilities: Desired capabilities are a set of key-value pairs that specify the characteristics of the device or emulator to be used for testing. This includes details such as device name, platform version, app package name, and app activity name. These capabilities are used to initialize the driver object.

    @BeforeTest
    public void setup() throws Exception {
        DesiredCapabilities caps = new DesiredCapabilities();
        caps.setCapability("deviceName", "Android Emulator");
        caps.setCapability("platformVersion", "11");
        caps.setCapability("appPackage", "com.example.myapp");
        caps.setCapability("appActivity", "com.example.myapp.MainActivity");
        caps.setCapability("automationName", "UiAutomator2");
        caps.setCapability("noReset", true);

        driver = new AndroidDriver<AndroidElement>(new URL("http://127.0.0.1:4723/wd/hub"), caps);
    }

Page Objects: Page objects are classes that encapsulate the behavior and properties of the user interface elements of an app. They provide a layer of abstraction between the test code and the app's user interface. Each screen or page of the app can have a corresponding page object class.

Test Code: The test code is written to interact with the user interface elements of the app through the page objects. It typically includes the steps that the user takes to navigate through the app, interact with the elements, and perform validations.

    @Test
    public void loginTest() {
        LoginPage loginPage = new LoginPage(driver);
        loginPage.enterUsername("myusername");
        loginPage.enterPassword("mypassword");
        loginPage.clickLoginButton();

        HomePage homePage = new HomePage(driver);
        Assert.assertTrue(homePage.isUserLoggedIn());
    }

Test Runner: The test runner is a program that runs the test code and communicates with the Appium server to automate the app. There are different test runners available for Appium, including TestNG, JUnit, and Appium Studio. The test runner usually handles the configuration, setup, and execution of the tests.

Supporting files: These are files that contain additional information or configuration for the tests, such as test data, configuration files, or utility classes. They can be organized in folders for better structure and maintainability.

- src
  - main
    - java
      - com
        - example
          - pages
            - LoginPage.java
            - HomePage.java
          - tests
            - LoginTest.java
          - utils
            - AppiumUtils.java
    - resources
      - app
        - MyApp.apk
  - test
    - java
      - com
        - example
          - runners
            - TestRunner.java