In PHP Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), access modifiers control the visibility of class properties and methods. The primary access modifiers in PHP are public, protected, and private.

This article will walk you through the purpose and usage of these access modifiers and explain how to apply them effectively in PHP OOP.

1. Public Access Modifier

• Keyword: public
• Visibility: Accessible from anywhere—inside the class, outside the class, and in derived classes.
• Use Case: Use public for properties or methods that should be accessible from any context.

Example:

class User {
    public $name = "John";

    public function greet() {
        return "Hello, " . $this->name;
    }
}

$user = new User();
echo $user->greet();  // Output: Hello, John

In this example, both the property $name and the method greet() are public, allowing them to be accessed directly from outside the class.

2. Protected Access Modifier

• Keyword: protected
• Visibility: Accessible within the class itself and by subclasses (child classes), but not from outside the class.
• Use Case: Use protected to allow derived classes to access certain properties or methods while keeping them hidden from external code.

Example with Correct Access:

class Person {
    protected $age = 30;

    protected function getAge() {
        return $this->age;
    }
}

class Employee extends Person {
    public function showAge() {
        return $this->getAge();  // Correct: Accesses protected method within a subclass
    }
}

$employee = new Employee();
echo $employee->showAge();  // Output: 30

In this example, getAge() is a protected method, which is accessible within the Employee class, a subclass of Person.

Example with Error:

class Person {
    protected $age = 30;

    protected function getAge() {
        return $this->age;
    }
}

$person = new Person();
echo $person->getAge();  // Error: Cannot access protected method Person::getAge()

Error Message: Fatal error: Uncaught Error: Cannot access protected method Person::getAge()

In this case, trying to access the protected method getAge() directly from an instance of Person results in an error because protected methods are not accessible from outside the class.

3. Private Access Modifier

• Keyword: private
• Visibility: Only accessible within the class where it is defined. Not accessible from subclasses or external code.
• Use Case: Use private to hide properties or methods from any code outside the class, including derived classes.

Example with Correct Access:

class BankAccount {
    private $balance = 1000;

    private function getBalance() {
        return $this->balance;
    }

    public function showBalance() {
        return $this->getBalance();  // Correct: Accesses private method within the same class
    }
}

$account = new BankAccount();
echo $account->showBalance();  // Output: 1000

In this example, the getBalance() method is private, so it can only be accessed within the BankAccount class. The showBalance() method is public and can be used to indirectly access the private getBalance().

Example with Error:

class BankAccount {
    private $balance = 1000;

    private function getBalance() {
        return $this->balance;
    }
}

$account = new BankAccount();
echo $account->getBalance();  // Error: Cannot access private method BankAccount::getBalance()

Error Message: Fatal error: Uncaught Error: Cannot access private method BankAccount::getBalance()

In this case, trying to access the private method getBalance() directly from an instance of BankAccount results in an error because private methods are not accessible from outside the class.

Example with Error in Subclass:

class BankAccount {
    private $balance = 1000;

    private function getBalance() {
        return $this->balance;
    }
}

class SavingsAccount extends BankAccount {
    public function showBalance() {
        return $this->getBalance();  // Error: Cannot access private method BankAccount::getBalance()
    }
}

$savings = new SavingsAccount();
echo $savings->showBalance();

Error Message: Fatal error: Uncaught Error: Cannot access private method BankAccount::getBalance()

Here, the private method getBalance() is inaccessible even to subclasses like SavingsAccount, demonstrating that private methods cannot be accessed outside their defining class.

4. Summary of Access Modifiers

5. Best Practices

• Use public sparingly to expose only what is necessary. Prefer encapsulation and expose functionality via public methods.
• Use protected to allow subclasses to access necessary properties or methods while hiding them from external code.
• Use private to fully encapsulate class internals and prevent access from outside or derived classes.

Conclusion

PHP's access modifiers (public, protected, private) provide a mechanism to manage visibility and encapsulation in OOP. By understanding and applying these modifiers correctly, you can create more secure and maintainable code.