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The Observer Pattern is a behavioral design pattern where an object, known as the subject, maintains a list of its dependents, called observers, and notifies them of any state changes, usually by calling one of their methods. This pattern promotes loose coupling between objects, as observers are only aware of the subject and not each other. In C#, this pattern is commonly used in event-driven programming.

Implementation

Let's understand the Observer Pattern through a detailed example in C#.

Subject Interface

First, we define an interface for the subject. This interface will contain methods for registering, unregistering, and notifying observers.

public interface ISubject
{
    void RegisterObserver(IObserver observer);
    void UnregisterObserver(IObserver observer);
    void NotifyObservers();
}

Observer Interface

Next, we define an interface for the observer. This interface will contain a method that the subject will call when it needs to notify observers.

public interface IObserver
{
    void Update();
}

Concrete Subject

Now, let's implement a concrete subject class that implements the ISubject interface.

public class ConcreteSubject : ISubject
{
    private List<IObserver> observers = new List<IObserver>();

    public void RegisterObserver(IObserver observer)
    {
        observers.Add(observer);
    }

    public void UnregisterObserver(IObserver observer)
    {
        observers.Remove(observer);
    }

    public void NotifyObservers()
    {
        foreach (var observer in observers)
        {
            observer.Update();
        }
    }
}

Concrete Observer

Next, let's implement a concrete observer class that implements the IObserver interface.

public class ConcreteObserver : IObserver
{
    public void Update()
    {
        Console.WriteLine("Observer notified of state change.");
    }
}

Example Usage

Now, let's see how we can use these classes together.

class Program
{
    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        ConcreteSubject subject = new ConcreteSubject();
        ConcreteObserver observer1 = new ConcreteObserver();
        ConcreteObserver observer2 = new ConcreteObserver();

        subject.RegisterObserver(observer1);
        subject.RegisterObserver(observer2);

        subject.NotifyObservers();

        subject.UnregisterObserver(observer1);

        subject.NotifyObservers();
    }
}

In this example, ConcreteSubject is the subject, and ConcreteObserver is the observer. When NotifyObservers() is called, both observers are notified of the state change. After unregistering one observer, only the remaining observer is notified.

What Next?

The Observer Pattern is a powerful way to implement communication between objects in C#. It promotes loose coupling and can be particularly useful in event-driven architectures. By understanding and implementing this pattern, you can write more maintainable and scalable code.