What is Rust ?

Rust is a programming language ( general purpose) C-like, which mean it is a compiled language and it comes with new strong features in managing memory and more. The cool thing ! rust does not have a garbage collector and that is awesome 😅 .

What is DevOps ?

In short, Devops is the key feature that helps the dev team and the ops team to be friends 😃 without a work conflicts , It is the ART of automation. It increase the velocity of delivering a better softwares !

Identifying the problem

we can make a lot of things with rust like web apps , system drivers ans much more but there is one problem which is the time that rust takes to make a binary by downloading dependencies and compile them.

The cargo command helps us to download packages ( crates in the rust world) , The Rustc is our compiler. Now we need to make a pipeline using the Gitlab CI/CD and docker to make the deployment faster.

This is our challenge and the Goal of this article ! 👊

Static linking Vs Dynamic linking

Rust by default uses a Dynamic linking method to build the binary, so what is dynamic linking ?.

The Dynamic linking uses shared libraries , so the lib is loaded into the memory and only the address is integrated into the binary. In this case the libc is used.

The Static linking uses static libraries which is integrated physically into the binary, no addresses are used and the binary size will be more bigger. In this case the musl libc is used.

You want to know more ? Then check this : click here.

Optimizing the CI/CD pipeline

The CI/CD pipeline is a set a steps that allow us to make :

build → test → deploy

In this article i will focus on the build stage because in my opinion it is very sensitive phase and it will affect the “Time to market” approach !

So the first thing is to optimize the size of our docker images to make the deployment faster. Before we begin, i will use a simple rust project for the demo.

let’s understand the project structure :

• src : This dir contains all source code of the app (*.rs files).
• Cargo.toml : This file contain the package meta-data and the dependencies required by the app and some other features … .
• Cargo.lock : Ct contains the exact information about your dependencies.
• Rocket.toml : With this file we specify the app status ( development , staging or production) and the required configuration for each mode, for example the port configuration for each environment.
• Dockerfile : This is the docker file configuration to build the image with the specific environment that is configured already in Rocket.toml.

Are you prepared 👊 😈 !!! , let’s begin the show !! 🎉 🎉 🎉

We will begin by building the app image locally , so let’s see how the docker file look like :

FROM rustdocker/rust:nightly as cargo-build 
RUN apt-get update 
RUN apt-get install musl-tools -y 
RUN /root/.cargo/bin/rustup target add x86_64-unknown-linux-musl 
RUN USER=root /root/.cargo/bin/cargo new --bin material 
WORKDIR /material 
COPY ./Cargo.toml ./Cargo.toml 
COPY ./Cargo.lock ./Cargo.lock 
RUN RUSTFLAGS=-Clinker=musl-gcc /root/.cargo/bin/cargo build --release --target=x86_64-unknown-linux-musl --features vendored 
RUN rm -f target/x86_64-unknown-linux-musl/release/deps/material* 
RUN rm src/*.rs 
COPY ./src ./src 
RUN RUSTFLAGS=-Clinker=musl-gcc /root/.cargo/bin/cargo build --release --target=x86_64-unknown-linux-musl --features vendored 
FROM alpine:latest 
COPY --from=cargo-build /auth/target/x86_64-unknown-linux-musl/release/material . 
CMD ["./material"]

This Dockerfile is splitted into two sections :

• The builder section ( a temporary container)
• The final image (Reduced in size)

The builder section:
In order to use rust we have to get a pre-configured images that contains the Rustc compiler and the Cargo tool. the image have the rust nightly build version and this is a real challenge because it’s not stable 😠.

We will use the static linking to get fully functional binary that doesn’t need any shared libraries from the host image !!

let’s breakdown the code :

• First we import the base image.
• We need the MUSL support : musl-tool after updating the source.list of your packages apt-get update , MUSL is an easy-to-deploy static and minimal dynamically linked programs.
• Now we have to specify the target , if you don’t know ! no problem ! you can use x86_64-unknown-linux-musl , run with Rustup (the rust toolchain installer)
• To define the project structure on the container we use cargo new --bin material (material is the project name), it’s much like the structure that we see earlier.
• Making the material directory as a default we use the WORKDIR Dockerfile command.
• The Cargo.toml and Cargo.lock are required for deps. installation
• Setting up the RUST_FLAGS with -Clinker=musl-gcc : this flag tell cargo to use the musl gcc to compile the source code , the --release argument is used to prepare the code for a release ( final binary optimization).
• --target specify the target compilation 64 or 32 bit
• --feature vendored thsi command is an angle 😄 ! it helps to solve any ssl problem by finding the SSL resources automatically without specifying the SSL lib directory and the SSL include directory. It saves me a lot of time, this command is associated with some configurations in the Cargo.toml file under the feature section.

Until now we only build the dependencies in Cargo.toml and we make the clean ( removing unnecessary files)

• After downloading and compiling required packages, it’s the time to get the source code into the container and make the final build to produce the final binary ( standalone).

The builder stage has complete ! congrats 😙 🎉 yeah !!. Now let’s use alpine as a base image to get the binary from the build stage , but ! wait a second ! what is alpine ???

Alpine is a Linux distribution, it’s characterized in the docker world by his size ! it is a very small image (4MB) and it contains only the base commands (busybox)

• --from=cargo-build ..../material now we will copy the final binary to the alpine and the intermediate container (cargo-build) will be destroyed and we get as a result a very tiny image (12–20MB) ready to use 😃 😃 😃

You know how to build a docker image right 😲 ? okay 😃

The CI/CD pipeline

After testing the image locally, it seems good 😃, we resolve the docker image size, but in CI system the velocity is very important than size !! so let’s take this challenge and reduce the compilation time of this rust project !!

let’s look at the .gitlab-ci.yml file ( our CI configuration):

.caching_rust: &caching_rust
    cache:
      paths:
        - .cargo/
        - .cache/sccache
        - target/x86_64-unknown-linux-musl/release/material

stages:
    - build_binary
    - build_docker


prepare_deps_for_cargo:
   stage: build_binary
   image: hatembt/rust-ci:latest
   <<: *caching_rust
   before_script:
       - export CARGO_HOME="${PWD}/.cargo"
       - echo $CARGO_HOME
       - export SCCACHE_DIR="${PWD}/.cache/sccache"
       - echo $SCCACHE_DIR
       - export PATH="/builds/Astrolab-devops/material/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
       - export RUSTC_WRAPPER="$CARGO_HOME/bin/sccache"
       - echo $RUSTC_WRAPPER

   script:
       -  cargo build --release --target=x86_64-unknown-linux-musl --features vendored
   cache:
     paths:
       - .cargo/
       - .cache/sccache
   artifacts:
     paths:
       - target/x86_64-unknown-linux-musl/release/material


build_docker_image:
   stage: build_docker
   image: docker:latest
   << : *caching_rust
   services:
     - docker:dind
   script:
     - docker login -u gitlab-ci-token -p $CI_JOB_TOKEN registry.gitlab.com
     - docker build -t registry.gitlab.com/astrolab-devops/material:0.2.1 .  
     - docker push registry.gitlab.com/astrolab-devops/material:0.2.1

There is a tip in this file , i just splitted the docker file into two stages in this .gitlab-ci.yml :

• The builder stage (rustdocker/rust..)→ build dependencies and binary
• The final stage (Alpine) → the build stage

For the CI work i prepared a ready-to-use docker image that contains all i need to make a reliable and fast pipeline for rust project , this image is hosted in my $docker hub .

hatembt/rust-ci:latest

This image contains the following packages installed and configured :

• The sccache command : this command caches the compiled dependencies ! so by making this action to our build we can compile deps only one time !! 😅 , and we gained much more time.
• The cargo-audit : it’s a helpful command let’s us to scan dependencies security.

Let’s breakdown the code and understand what’s going on !!

In the first job : prepare_deps_for_cargo we need our base image hatembt/rust-ci .

In this job some setting are required to make a successful build are placed in the before_script:

• Defining the cargo home in the path variable.
• Defining the cache directory that s generated by sccache (it contains the compilation cache ).
• Adding cargo and rustup ( they are under .cargo/bin) in the path.
• Specifying the RUSTC_WRAPPER variable in order to use the sccache command with the rustc or MUSL in our case.

Now all thing are ready ! so let’s make the build in the script section, you are already now what we should do 😃 , let’s skip it 👇.

The cache and artifacts sections are very important ! its saves the data under :

• .cargo/
• .cache/sccache
• target/x86_64-unknown-linux-musl/release/material (this is our final binary ).

To know more about caching and artifacts flow this link.

All data that is created in the first run of the CI jobs will be now saved and uploaded to the Gitlab coordinator. On the next build (new codes are pushed), we will not start the build from scratch, we just build the new packages , the old data will be injected with <<:*caching_rust after the image keyword.

let’s move on the next JOB : build_docker_image:

I made a new Dockerfile for the docker build stage, it’s based on the alpine image and it contain only the binary from the previous stage.

The new Dockerfile:

FROM alpine:latest
COPY target/x86_64-unknown-linux-musl/release/material .
CMD ["./material"]

First we need a docker in docker image (dind) → to get the docker command and let’s make the steps below:

• Login to the Gitlab registry
• Build the image with the new Dockerfile
• Push the image to Gitlab registry

And Now the results ! 😧

The image size is :

The CI Time :

NB: the time is for the hole build time , the build binary and docker_build stages.

This is the power of Devops, the art of automation with some philosophy in the configurations and the steps to flow we can make even better than these results.

In business the velocity ,the quality and the necessary features (on the application) are very important to Bring the company on the hight levels of success → this is the successful Digital transformation.

Finally, i hope that this Story helps you to move on to next steps in the CI/CD systems, you can apply these ideas into any language (mostly complied languages, but still the same steps). If you have any feedback or critiques, please feel free to share them with me.

Thank you 😄