Blockchain

Introduction to Blockchain

Blockchain is a decentralized, distributed and public digital ledger that is used to maintain a continuously growing list of records, called blocks, which are linked using cryptography. Any involved record cannot be altered retroactively, without the alteration of all subsequent blocks.

Benefits of Blockchain

Decentralized - Not owned by a single entity. Every participant in the network can access the history of transactions or confirm new transactions.
Transparency - Public verifiability of transactions.
Security - With no central point to be exploited the system is protected against hacking attacks and fraud.
Immutability - Blocks added to the blockchain can’t be tampered.
No Intermediary - Peer-to-Peer and business-to-business transactions are completed without the need for a third party.

How Blockchain Works

Blockchain starts with a single block called genesis block.

Each block stores the following information:

Field	Description
Index	Genesis block will have an index of 0.
Timestamp	A record of when the block was created. Timestamp helps to keep the blockchain in order.
Hash	Digital fingerprint of data. Hash is of fixed length, easy to compute and infeasible to convert back to data.
Previous Hash	Hash of the previous block.
Data	Each block can store data.
Nonce	Number used to find a valid hash.

We’ll explain these with the mining of a new block.

Index

| Each new block is given an incremental index value, in this case, it’s 1. |

Timestamp

Block creation timestamp in epoch time, 1560082985.203.

Hash

SHA256 hash of (index, previous hash, timestamp, data, nonce)

CryptoJS.SHA256(1 + '0000018035a828da0878ae92ab6fbb16be1ca87a02a3feaa9e3c2b6871931046' 
+ 1560082985.203 + 'HarshadRanganathan' + 29877).toString()

000056f493569b609d6484da94b9031238e80076a8b6a373ae76d3db2746c211

Previous Hash

Hash of the previous block which is ‘0000018035a828da0878ae92ab6fbb16be1ca87a02a3feaa9e3c2b6871931046’.

Data

Block data.

Nonce

We start with a nonce of ‘1’ and keep incrementing it until we find a valid hash.

A Hash is considered to be valid if the number of leading zeros matches the difficulty.

For example, here we have set the difficulty as ‘4’. We will continue to re-generate the hash until it has 4 leading zeros.

As the difficulty increases, the number of possible valid hashes decreases, so it will take more processing power to find a valid hash.

A new block is added to the blockchain only if it meets the following requirements:

New block has a valid index i.e. block index should be greater than latest block index.
New block’s previous hash is valid i.e. previous hash equals latest block hash.
New block has valid hash i.e. it has been correctly calculated.
New block’s hash meets difficulty requirement.

As the blocks are added and linked using cryptography, they continuously grow the blockchain.

Immutability

Blockchain provides immutability of records. If an adversary tampers with any of the data in the entire chain, it will invalidate all the subsequent blocks.

Let’s assume we have 3 blocks and we want to tamper the data in block #1.

If you change the data in block #1 then the SHA256 hash value of the block changes as it is calculated based on the data.
Block #2’s hash changes as it is based on block #1’s hash.
Block #3’s hash changes as it is based on block #2’s hash.
Now, all the 3 blocks are invalid as they don’t meet the difficulty requirement of having 4 leading zeros.
You will then have to mine all the invalidated blocks again by finding new nonce values to make them valid.

This will be a compute intensive and unfeasible operation as the chain continuously grows with new blocks.