Introduction

The interoperability between different programming languages enables developers
to leverage the best features of each language. One such powerful combination
is using Python and C# together.

I'm not a C# expert. This blogpost is purely based on my learning while I was
trying to run a Python script from a C# application.

Prerequisites

• Python Installation: Ensure Python is installed on your machine and that the Python executable is accessible via the system's PATH. You can download Python from the official Python website.
• C# Development Environment: You'll need an environment for writing and running C# code. Visual Studio is a popular choice, but you can use any editor or IDE of your choice.

A Python Script

In order to keep it simple, we will be using the following Python script:

def Greet(name):
    return f"Hello, {name}!"

Save the file as greeter.py to follow along.

Before running a Python script from C#, you would typically compile it into a
.pyc file. Here’s how you can compile your Python script:

• Open a terminal or command prompt.
• Run the following command:

python3 -m compileall greeter.py

This command will generate a directory named __pycache__ containing the
compiled .pyc file. In our case:

➜ tree .
.
├── __pycache__
│   └── greeter.cpython-312.pyc
└── greeter.py

C# Application

We start off by creating a console application using the dotnet CLI:

mkdir netpy && cd netpy
dotnet new console

Next, we add the pythonnet package to the project:

dotnet add package pythonnet

Update the Program.cs file with the code below to run the compiled (.pyc)
Python script (greeter.py):

using Python.Runtime;

// Specify the path to the Python shared library (DLL or .so file)
Runtime.PythonDLL = "/opt/homebrew/Cellar/python@3.12/3.12.4/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.12/lib/libpython3.12.dylib";

// Initialize the Python engine
PythonEngine.Initialize();

// Use a try-finally block to ensure proper cleanup
try
{
    // Acquire the GIL (Global Interpreter Lock)
    using (Py.GIL())
    {
        // Add path to __pycache__ directory
        dynamic sys = Py.Import("sys");
        sys.path.append("/Users/gaurav.gahlot/workspace/playground/netpy");

        // Import the compiled .pyc file
        dynamic greeter = Py.Import("greeter");

        // Call the Greet function
        string result = greeter.Greet("Alice");
        Console.WriteLine(result);
    }
}

finally
{
    // Necessary for proper serialization
    AppContext.SetSwitch("System.Runtime.Serialization.EnableUnsafeBinaryFormatterSerialization", true);

    // Shutdown the Python runtime
    PythonEngine.Shutdown();
}

Detailed Explanation

• Python.Runtime Initialization:
  • You must set Runtime.PythonDLL property or PYTHONNET_PYDLL environment variable starting with version 3.0, otherwise you will receive BadPythonDllException upon calling Initialize.
  • You can read more about the same in their documentation.
• Initialize Python Engine:
  • PythonEngine.Initialize(): This initializes the Python engine, making Python functionalities available within the C# environment.
• Using Python with GIL:
  • using (Py.GIL()): Ensures that the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) is acquired, which is necessary for thread-safety when interacting with Python objects.
• Modifying Python Path:
  • dynamic sys = Py.Import("sys") and sys.path.append("path"): Adds the __pycache__ directory to the Python path. This is where the compiled .pyc file resides.
• Import and Execute:
  • dynamic greeter = Py.Import("greeter"): Imports the compiled Python script.
  • string result = greeter.Greet("Alice"): Calls the Greet function from the imported script and prints the result.
• Clean Up:
  • AppContext.SetSwitch("System.Runtime.Serialization.EnableUnsafeBinaryFormatterSerialization", true): Ensures proper serialization. You can learn more about it in this GitHub issue.
  • PythonEngine.Shutdown(): Properly shuts down the Python engine to clean up resources.

Running the Application

• Ensure that you have saved the code changes in Program.cs.
• Open your terminal and navigate to the directory containing Program.cs
• Run the application using dotnet run:

workspace/playground/netpy via .NET 8.0.401
➜ dotnet run
Hello, Alice!

This will execute the Python script and print the output to the console.

Conclusion

Using Python.NET simplifies the process of integrating Python with C#.
You can leverage the capabilities of Python directly from your C# applications,
making it possible to use Python's extensive libraries and simplicity alongside
C#'s strong performance and robust framework.

I hope this helps you get started with running compiled Python scripts
from C# applications smoothly.