Design patterns help combine experiences of many developers to structure the codes in an optimized manner that meet the problems we are seeking solutions to, and gives common vocabulary used to describe solutions to our problems than describing the syntax and semantics of our code.
JavaScript design patterns assist developers to write organized, beautiful and well-structured codes. Although design patterns, when used can easily be re-used, they can never supplement developers, rather they only support them by preventing minor issues that could lead to major problems on the web application development by providing generalized solutions that are not tied to a specific problem.
They decrease the overall codebase by doing away with unnecessary repetitions, thus makes our code more robust than the ad-hoc solutions.
In this article, I will explore seven best and most popular JavaScript design patterns, which of course most of them will fall under three categories namely; creation design patterns, structural design patterns, and behavioral design patterns. A pattern is something like the following image; just to acquaint you into the context.

1. Constructor Design Pattern.

This is a special method that is used to initialize the newly created objects once a memory is allocated. Since JavaScript is typically object-oriented, it deals with objects most, therefore I intend to delve in to object constructors. There are three ways to create new objects in JavaScript:
The following is one way to create a constructor design pattern.

// This creates a new empty Object
var newObject = {};
// This creates a new empty Object
var newObject = Object.create(Object.prototype);
var newObject = newObject();

To access the properties of a function, you need to initialize the object.

const object = new ConstructorObject()

Whereby the new keyword above tells JavaScript that a constructorObjectshould act as a constructor. Inheritance is one thing this design pattern does not support. Find out more detail here.

2. Prototype Pattern

The prototype pattern is based on prototypical inheritance whereby objects created to act as prototypes for other objects. In reality, prototypes act as a blueprint for each object constructor created.
Example

name:"Ford",
brake:function(){
console.log("Stop! I am applying brakes");
}
Panic : function (){
console.log ( "wait. how do you stop thuis thing?")
}
}
// use objec create to instansiate a new car
var yourCar= object.create(myCar);
//You can now see that one is a prototype of the other
console.log (yourCar.name);]

3. Module Design Pattern

In the module design pattern, there is an improvement from the prototype pattern. The different types of modifiers (both private and public) are set in the module pattern. You can create similar functions or properties without conflicts. There is the flexibility of renaming functions publicly. The daunting part of this is the inability to override the created functions from the outside environment.
Example

var myCar= {
function AnimalContainter () {
const container = [];
function addAnimal (name) {
container.push(name);
}
function getAllAnimals() {
return container;
}
function removeAnimal(name) {
const index = container.indexOf(name);
if(index < 1) {
throw new Error('Animal not found in container');
}
container.splice(index, 1)
}
return {
add: addAnimal,
get: getAllAnimals,
remove: removeAnimal
}
}
const container = AnimalContainter();
container.add('Hen');
container.add('Goat');
container.add('Sheep');
console.log(container.get()) //Array(3) ["Hen", "Goat", "Sheep"]
container.remove('Sheep')
console.log(container.get()); //Array(2) ["Hen", "Goat"]

4. Singleton Pattern

It is essential in a scenario where only one instance needs to be created, for example, a database connection. It is only possible to create an instance when the connection is closed or you make sure to close the open instance before opening a new one. This pattern is also referred to as strict pattern, one drawback associated with this pattern is its daunting experience in testing because of its hidden dependencies objects which are not easily singled out for testing.
Example

function DatabaseConnection () {
let databaseInstance = null;
// tracks the number of instances created at a certain time
let count = 0;
function init() {
console.log(`Opening database #${count + 1}`);
//now perform operation
}
function createIntance() {
if(databaseInstance == null) {
databaseInstance = init();
}
return databaseInstance;
}
function closeIntance() {
console.log('closing database');
databaseInstance = null;
}
return {
open: createIntance,
close: closeIntance
}
}
const database = DatabseConnection();
database.open(); //Open database #1
database.open(); //Open database #1
database.open(); //Open database #1
database.close(); //close database

5. Factory Pattern.

It is a creational concerned with the creation of objects without the need for a constructor. It provides a generic interface for creating objects, where we can specify the type of factory objects to be created. Therefore, we only specify the object and the factory instantiates and returns it for us to use. It is wise for us to use factory pattern when the object component set up has a high level of complexity and when we want to create different instances of objects easily depending on the environment we are in. We can also use factory pattern when working with many small objects sharing the same properties and when composing objects that need decoupling.
Example

// Dealer A
DealerA = {};
DealerA.title = function title() {
return "Dealer A";
};
DealerA.pay = function pay(amount) {
console.log(
`set up configuration using username: ${this.username} and password: ${
this.password
}`
);
return `Payment for service ${amount} is successful using ${this.title()}`;
};
//Dealer B
DealerB = {};
DealerB.title = function title() {
return "Dealer B";
};
DealerB.pay = function pay(amount) {
console.log(
`set up configuration using username: ${this.username}
and password: ${this.password}`
);
return `Payment for service ${amount} is successful using ${this.title()}`;
};
//@param {*} DealerOption
//@param {*} config
function DealerFactory(DealerOption, config = {}) {
const dealer = Object.create(dealerOption);
Object.assign(dealer, config);
return dealer;
}
const dealerFactory = DealerFactory(DealerA, {
username: "user",
password: "pass"
});
console.log(dealerFactory.title());
console.log(dealerFactory.pay(12));
const dealerFactory2 = DealerFactory(DealerB, {
username: "user2",
password: "pass2"
});
console.log(dealerFactory2.title());
console.log(dealerFactory2.pay(50));

6. Observer Pattern

The observer design pattern is handy in a place where objects communicate with other sets of objects simultaneously. In this observer pattern, there is no unnecessary push and pull of events across the states, rather the modules involved only modify the current state of data.
Example

function Observer() {
this.observerContainer = [];
}
Observer.prototype.subscribe = function (element) {
this.observerContainer.push(element);
}
// the following removes an element from the container
Observer.prototype.unsubscribe = function (element) {
const elementIndex = this.observerContainer.indexOf(element);
if (elementIndex > -1) {
this.observerContainer.splice(elementIndex, 1);
}
}
/**
* we notify elements added to the container by calling
* each subscribed components added to our container
*/
Observer.prototype.notifyAll = function (element) {
this.observerContainer.forEach(function (observerElement) {
observerElement(element);
});
}

7. Command Pattern

To wrap up, I would say the command design pattern ends my 7 best sums of JavaScript design patterns. The command design pattern encapsulates method invocation, operations, or requests into a single object so that we can pass method calls at our discretion. The command design pattern gives us an opportunity to issue commands from anything executing commands and delegates responsibility to different objects instead. These commands are presented in run() and execute() format.

(function(){
var carManager = {
//information requested
requestInfo: function( model, id ){
return "The information for " + model + " with ID " + id + " is foo bar";
},
// now purchase the car
buyVehicle: function( model, id ){
return "You have successfully purchased Item " + id + ", a " + model;
},
// now arrange a viewing
arrangeViewing: function( model, id ){
return "You have successfully booked a viewing of " + model + " ( " + id + " ) ";
}
};
})();

Reference:
Learning Javascript design Patterns : Addy Osmani