Concurrency is a crucial idea in modern programming that allows multiple tasks to run at the same time to improve the performance of applications.

There are several ways to achieve concurrency in Python, with threading and multiprocessing being the most well-known.

In this article, we'll explore these two methods in detail, understand how they work, and discuss when to use each, along with practical code examples.

What is Concurrency?

Before we talk about threading and multiprocessing, it’s important to understand what concurrency means.

Concurrency is when a program can do multiple tasks or processes at the same time.

This can make the program use resources better and run faster, especially when it needs to do things like reading files or doing lots of calculations.

There are two main ways to achieve concurrency:

• Parallelism: Running multiple tasks at the exact same time on different parts of the computer’s processor.
• Concurrency: Handling multiple tasks during the same time period, but not necessarily at the exact same moment.

Python offers two main ways to achieve concurrency:

• Threading: For tasks that can be managed at the same time.
• Multiprocessing: For tasks that need to run truly simultaneously on different processor cores.

Threading in Python

Threading allows you to run multiple smaller units of a process, called threads, within the same process, sharing the same memory space.

Threads are lighter than processes, and switching between them is faster.

However, threading in Python is subject to the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL), which ensures only one thread can execute Python code at a time.

How Threading Works

Python's threading module provides a simple and flexible way to create and manage threads.

Let’s start with a basic example:

import threading
import time


def print_numbers():
    for i in range(5):
        print(f"Number: {i}")
        time.sleep(1)


# Creating a thread
thread = threading.Thread(target=print_numbers)

# Starting the thread
thread.start()

# Wait for the thread to complete
thread.join()

print("Thread has finished executing")


# Output:
# Number: 0
# Number: 1
# Number: 2
# Number: 3
# Number: 4
# Thread has finished executing

In this example:

• We define a function print_numbers() that prints numbers from 0 to 4 with a one-second delay between prints.
• We create a thread using threading.Thread() and pass print_numbers() as the target function.
• The start() method begins the thread's execution, and join() ensures that the main program waits for the thread to finish before proceeding.

Example: Threading for I/O-Bound Tasks

Threading is especially useful for I/O-bound tasks, such as file operations, network requests, or database queries, where the program spends most of its time waiting for external resources.

Here’s an example that simulates downloading files using threads:

import threading
import time


def download_file(file_name):
    print(f"Starting download of {file_name}...")
    time.sleep(2)  # Simulate download time
    print(f"Finished downloading {file_name}")


files = ["file1.zip", "file2.zip", "file3.zip"]

threads = []

# Create and start threads
for file in files:
    thread = threading.Thread(target=download_file, args=(file,))
    thread.start()
    threads.append(thread)

# Ensure all threads have finished
for thread in threads:
    thread.join()

print("All files have been downloaded.")

# Output:
# Starting download of file1.zip...
# Starting download of file2.zip...
# Starting download of file3.zip...
# Finished downloading file1.zip
# Finished downloading file2.zip
# Finished downloading file3.zip
# All files have been downloaded.

By creating and managing separate threads for each file download, the program can handle multiple tasks simultaneously, improving overall efficiency.

The key steps in the code are as follows:

• A function download_file is defined to simulate the downloading process.
• A list of file names is created to represent the files that need to be downloaded.
• For each file in the list, a new thread is created with download_file as its target function. Each thread is started immediately after creation and added to a list of threads.
• The main program waits for all threads to finish using the join() method, ensuring that the program does not proceed until all downloads are complete.

Limitations of Threading

While threading can improve performance for I/O-bound tasks, it has limitations:

• Global Interpreter Lock (GIL): The GIL restricts execution to one thread at a time for CPU-bound tasks, limiting the effectiveness of threading in multi-core processors.
• Race Conditions: Since threads share the same memory space, improper synchronization can lead to race conditions, where the outcome of a program depends on the timing of threads.
• Deadlocks: Threads waiting on each other to release resources can lead to deadlocks, where no progress is made.

Multiprocessing in Python

Multiprocessing addresses the limitations of threading by using separate processes instead of threads.

Each process has its own memory space and Python interpreter, allowing true parallelism on multi-core systems.

This makes multiprocessing ideal for tasks that require heavy computation.

How Multiprocessing Works

The multiprocessing module in Python allows you to create and manage processes easily.

Let’s start with a basic example:

import multiprocessing
import time


def print_numbers():
    for i in range(5):
        print(f"Number: {i}")
        time.sleep(1)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    # Creating a process
    process = multiprocessing.Process(target=print_numbers)

    # Starting the process
    process.start()

    # Wait for the process to complete
    process.join()

    print("Process has finished executing")

# Output:
# Number: 0
# Number: 1
# Number: 2
# Number: 3
# Number: 4
# Process has finished executing

This example is similar to the threading example, but with processes.

Notice that the process creation and management are similar to threading, but because processes run in separate memory spaces, they are truly concurrent and can run on different CPU cores.

Example: Multiprocessing for CPU-Bound Tasks

Multiprocessing is particularly beneficial for tasks that are CPU-bound, such as numerical computations or data processing.

Here’s an example that calculates the square of numbers using multiple processes:

import multiprocessing


def compute_square(number):
    return number * number


if __name__ == "__main__":
    numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

    # Create a pool of processes
    with multiprocessing.Pool() as pool:
        # Map function to numbers using multiple processes
        results = pool.map(compute_square, numbers)

    print("Squares:", results)

# Output:
# Squares: [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]

Here are the key steps in the code:

• A function compute_square is defined to take a number as input and return its square.
• The code within the if name == "main": block ensures that it runs only when the script is executed directly.
• A list of numbers is defined, which will be squared.
• A pool of worker processes is created using multiprocessing.Pool().
• The map method is used to apply the compute_square function to each number in the list, distributing the workload across multiple processes.

Inter-Process Communication (IPC)

Since each process has its own memory space, sharing data between processes requires inter-process communication (IPC) mechanisms.

The multiprocessing module provides several tools for IPC, such as Queue, Pipe, and Value.

Here’s an example using Queue to share data between processes:

import multiprocessing


def worker(queue):
    # Retrieve and process data from the queue
    while not queue.empty():
        item = queue.get()
        print(f"Processing {item}")


if __name__ == "__main__":
    queue = multiprocessing.Queue()

    # Add items to the queue
    for i in range(10):
        queue.put(i)

    # Create a pool of processes to process the queue
    processes = []
    for _ in range(4):
        process = multiprocessing.Process(target=worker, args=(queue,))
        processes.append(process)
        process.start()

    # Wait for all processes to complete
    for process in processes:
        process.join()

    print("All processes have finished.")


# Output:
# Processing 0
# Processing 1
# Processing 2
# Processing 3
# Processing 4
# Processing 5
# Processing 6
# Processing 7
# Processing 8
# Processing 9
# All processes have finished.

In this example:

• def worker(queue): Defines a function worker that takes a queue as an argument. The function retrieves and processes items from the queue until it is empty.
• if name == "main":: Ensures that the following code runs only if the script is executed directly, not if it is imported as a module.
• queue = multiprocessing.Queue(): Creates a queue object for inter-process communication.
• for i in range(10): queue.put(i): Adds items (numbers 0 through 9) to the queue.
• processes = []: Initializes an empty list to store process objects.
• The for loop for _ in range(4): Creates four worker processes.
• process = multiprocessing.Process(target=worker, args=(queue,)): Creates a new process with worker as the target function and passes the queue as an argument.
• processes.append(process): Adds the process object to the processes list.
• process.start(): Starts the process.
• The for loop for process in processes: Waits for each process to complete using the join() method.

Challenges of Multiprocessing

While multiprocessing provides true parallelism, it comes with its own set of challenges:

• Higher Overhead: Creating and managing processes is more resource-intensive than threads due to separate memory spaces.
• Complexity: Communication and synchronization between processes are more complex than threading, requiring IPC mechanisms.
• Memory Usage: Each process has its own memory space, leading to higher memory usage compared to threading.

When to Use Threading vs. Multiprocessing

Choosing between threading and multiprocessing depends on the type of task you're dealing with:

Use Threading:

• For tasks that involve a lot of waiting, such as network operations or reading/writing files (I/O-bound tasks).
• When you need to share memory between tasks and can manage potential issues like race conditions.
• For lightweight concurrency without the extra overhead of creating multiple processes.

Use Multiprocessing:

• For tasks that require heavy computations or data processing (CPU-bound tasks) and can benefit from running on multiple CPU cores at the same time.
• When you need true parallelism and the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) in threading becomes a limitation.
• For tasks that can run independently and don’t require frequent communication or shared memory.

Conclusion

Concurrency in Python is a powerful way to make your applications run faster.

Threading is great for tasks that involve a lot of waiting, like network operations or reading/writing files, but it's not as effective for tasks that require heavy computations because of something called the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL).

On the other hand, multiprocessing allows for true parallelism, making it perfect for CPU-intensive tasks, although it comes with higher overhead and complexity.

Whether you're processing data, handling multiple network requests, or doing complex calculations, Python's threading and multiprocessing tools give you what you need to make your program as efficient and fast as possible.