Before diving into memory management of java one must know java has primitive datatypes and more complex objects (reference types)

• Primitive type
• refference type

Java has no concept of pointers and java only has pass by value, there is nothing like pass by reference in java

primitives

• Primitive types are the basic data types provided by a programming language.
• They are the simplest and most fundamental building blocks of data. In Java, the primitive types include:

• Integral Types:

  • byte: 8-bit signed integer
  • short: 16-bit signed integer
  • int: 32-bit signed integer -long: 64-bit signed integer

• Floating-Point Types:

  • float: 32-bit floating-point
  • double: 64-bit floating-point

• Characters:

  • char: 16-bit Unicode character

• Boolean:

  • boolean: Represents true or false.

Reference type

• Reference types are more complex and are used to store references (memory addresses) to objects. Objects are instances of classes or arrays. In Java, reference types include:

• Objects:
  • Instances of classes created using the new keyword.
• Arrays:
  • Ordered collections of elements.
• Interfaces:
  • Types representing a contract for classes to implement.

How primitives are stored ?

• All data for primitive type variables is stored on the stack
• when setting a primitive type variable equal to another primitive type variable, a copy of value is made.

int a  = 10;
int b = 20;
int c = b;
int c = 100;

int a = 10; -> int 10 is stored on stack memory
int b = 20; -> int 20 is stored on stack memory
int c = b; -> value of b(20) is copied to c
int c = 100; -> value of c is modified to 100

How Reference type stores value ?

• For reference types, the stack holds a pointer to the object on the heap memory
• When setting a reference type variable equal to another reference type variabel, a copy of only the pointer is made
• Certain object types can't be manipulated on the heap(immutables)

• int[ ] c = {1,2,3,4}; -> creates an array of integers in the heap memory and stack has a reference to that objetc in heap
• int[ ] d = c; -> value of reference(stored in stack) is copied from variable c(stack) to variable d(stack), no new object is cretaed in the heap memory (and not the actual object)

d[1] = 99; -> value of object at index 1 is changed by variable d, which had reference of object {1,2,3,4,5} hence value is also changed for variable c, as they were having the same reference in the stack memory

• d = new int[5]; -> a new array is created in th heap memory and d rerences to that new array
• int[ ] e = {5,6,7,8} -> creates a new array in heap memory

int [ ] f = {5,6,7,8} -> also creates a new array in the heap although content of array e and fis same still the exist in various memory space

f[1] = 99 -> this would only change index at 1 position for array f and not for array e

• String g = "hello"; -> a new string with value "hello" is created in the heap memory
• String h = g; -> value of reference stored in stack memory is copied form g to h(and not the actual object object)

h = "goodbye"; -> you might be expecting that the value of string g should also have been changed as both g and h are pointing at same string, but as Strings are immutable meaning they can't be modified, so instead a new string "goodbye" is cretaed and it's reference is assigned to h and g still points to hello

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