• This tutorial was initially posted on my blog here
• I am an aspiring, self-taught Web Developer just starting to blog about my Journey 🚀
• I'm happy and grateful for your feedback 🤩

In this tutorial you'll build a Quiz app and learn fundamental concepts of Vue.js. We will be using Vue v2 still. Vue.js is a beginner-friendly JavaScript Framework for building complex user interfaces based on reusable components. Large-scale Frontend Apps are easily built and maintained due to many advantages of Vue.

Advantages of Vue.js

• Beginner-friendly - you can apply all your knowledge about HTML, CSS and JavaScript in Vue right away
• Components - Each Component stores its Markup, Styling and JavaScript in a single file
• Directives - One of Vue's most powerful features are directives - see them in action throughout this tutorial
• Excellent Documentation - find Examples and Cookbooks and much more!
• Virtual DOM - Vue is blazing fast due to the usage of the Virtual DOM
• Huge Ecosystem - Sure, Vue's ecosystem is not as big as React's, but core libraries many bigger projects rely on, like for routing or state-management, are maintained actively by the Creators of Vue! For routing there is Vue Router and for state-management there is Vuex

Get the Starter-Code from my GitHub Repository to follow along with me.

Start working with the Starter-Code as described in the repositories README. I will break it down into small disgestible bites for you:

Step-by-Step Tutorial of a Vue.js Quiz App

• Step 1: Fetch Data from API (Vue lifecycle methods)
• Step 2: Display and Style Data in Template (Vue scoped CSS)
• Step 3: Add Functionality and handle User action (Vue methods and computed properties)
• Step 4: Emitting events - show Modal with Quiz score

Try the live demo of our Quiz App!

Vetur - Extension for VS Code

Before we start, it's nice to know that Vetur is a popular extension for VS Code that many Vue Developers rely on. It supports Syntax-highlighting, Snippets, Linting, Formatting and much more! I enjoy its benefits myself ;)

Basics about Vue Components

Each Vue Component lives inside a .vue file. In this project, all Components are stored in /src/components. A Vue Component consists of three parts:

• <template> - The Component's HTML
• <script> - The Component's JavaScript is written inside the <script> tags. Basically,data and computed properties or methods are put onto the Vue instance here.
• <style scoped> - All CSS goes here and is automatically scoped to the Component's markup template only. No pollution of other Component's markup!

// Example of a Vue Component
<template>
  <div id="app">
    <header>
      <p>This is a Vue Component</p>
    </header>
    <Quiz />
  </div>
</template>

<script>
  import Quiz from '@/components/Quiz.vue';

  export default {
    name: 'App',
    components: {
      Quiz
    }
  };
</script>

<style scoped>
  #app {
    margin: 0;
    line-height: 1.6;
  }
</style>

Step 1: Fetch Data from API

We will build out our Quiz inside the Quiz.vue Component. I initiated the App.vue Component already in the Starter-Code template, included basic styles globally and integrated the Quiz.vue Component. So we can start right off inside Quiz.vue.

Here is the Starter-Code of the Quiz Component, that should already be inside your Quiz.vue. Your browser should only display a static website with the headsup logo and a small text saying "Questions HTML here"

// Starter-Code: Quiz.vue Component
<template>
  <div id="quiz-container">
    <img id="logo-crown" src="@/assets/crown.svg" alt="headsUP Crown" />
    <h1 id="logo-headline">headsUP</h1>
    <!-- div#correctAnswers -->
    <hr class="divider" />
    <!-- question div -->
    Questions HTML here
    <hr class="divider" />
  </div>
</template>

<script>
  export default {
    name: 'Quiz'
  };
</script>

<style scoped>
  #quiz-container {
    margin: 1rem auto;
    padding: 1rem;
    max-width: 750px;
  }

  #logo-headline {
    font-size: 3rem;
    padding: 0.5rem;
    color: #f50057;
    text-align: center;
  }

  #logo-crown {
    display: block;
    width: 40%;
    margin: 0 auto;
  }

  @media only screen and (max-width: 500px) {
    #logo-crown {
      width: 30%;
    }

    #logo-headline {
      font-size: 1.8rem;
    }
  }

  h1 {
    font-size: 1.3rem;
    padding: 0.7rem;
  }

  .divider {
    margin: 0.5rem 0;
    border: 3px solid rgba(102, 255, 166, 0.7);
    border-radius: 2px;
    box-shadow: 3px 5px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);
  }
</style>
// Starter-Code: Quiz.vue Component

Initialize data properties on Component instance

Vue stores its state variables in a data() function. In order to initialize our data properties and set our default values, we need to add it to the Component instance.

// Quiz.vue
<script>
export default {
  name: "Quiz",
  // data() function stores state variables
  data() {
    return {
      questions: [],
      loading: true
    };
  }
}
</script>

<style scoped>
  // leave default styles from Starter-Code
</style>

Our questions data is set to an empty array by default, loading is set to true, because we will be fetching questions from the Trivia API and push them to the questions array when the component is mounted. On each call, we are fetching 10 questions at once.

Next, we need a method to fetch the questions data from the API. All methods of a Vue Component are written on the methods property of the Component instance. We are going to add a method addQuestions() to fetch the questions, manipulate them a little and store them in the questions array. While fetchQuestions() runs, the loading property will be set to true. Only when the questions array receives the data, loading will be set back to false.

// Quiz.vue
<script>
export default {
  name: "Quiz",
  // data() function stores state variables
  data() {
    return {
      questions: [],
      loading: true
    };
  },
  // Custom methods of the Vue Component
  methods: {
    async fetchQuestions() {
      this.loading = true;
      // fetch questions
      let response = await fetch("https://opentdb.com/api.php?amount=10&category=9");
      // convert questions to json
      let jsonResponse = await response.json();
      // manipulate questions
      let data = jsonResponse.results.map((question) => {
        // put answers on question into single array
        question.answers = [
          question.correct_answer,
          ...question.incorrect_answers,
        ];
          return question;
      });
        // put data on questions property
        this.questions = data;
        this.loading = false;
    },
  }
}
</script>

Now, we want the Component to fetch and store the data, when the Component mounts. That's why we need the mounted() function from Vue's lifecycle hooks and call fetchQuestions() from there!

// Quiz.vue
<script>
export default {
  name: "Quiz",
  // data() function stores state variables
  data() {
    return {
      questions: [],
      loading: true
    };
  },
  // Custom methods of the Vue Component
  methods: {
    async fetchQuestions() {
      this.loading = true;
      // fetch questions
      let response = await fetch("https://opentdb.com/api.php?amount=10&category=9");
      // convert questions to json
      let jsonResponse = await response.json();
      // manipulate questions
      let data = jsonResponse.results.map((question) => {
        // put answers on question into single array
        question.answers = [
          question.correct_answer,
          ...question.incorrect_answers,
        ];
          return question;
      });
        // put data on questions property
        this.questions = data;
        this.loading = false;
    },
  },
  // Code inside mounted() runs after the Component has mounted
  mounted() {
    this.fetchQuestions();
  }
}
</script>

Maybe you have already tested, whether the data from our API call comes through with console.log(). But now we have the data, we can display it right through the HTML template.

Display first question from API data

// Quiz.vue HTML template
<template>
  <div id="quiz-container">
    <img id="logo-crown" src="@/assets/crown.svg" alt="headsUP Crown" />
    <h1 id="logo-headline">headsUP</h1>
    <!-- div#correctAnswers -->
    <hr class="divider" />

    <div v-if="loading">Loading...</div>
    <div v-else v-html="questions[0].question">
      <!-- Only first Question is displayed -->
    </div>

    <hr class="divider" />
  </div>
</template>

The v-if- directive checks if loading is true and allows for flow control, whether to display a set of markup or not. In our case, while loading is true, the Component display Loading... where the question will be displayed once loading has finished. A v-if directive can be combined with a v-else. So, if the questions array received the question objects from the API (i.e. fetching was successful and loading is false), we put the first question inside another directive: v-html. It takes in any valid HTML as a string and updates the elements innerHTML. So we feed the first question of our question object (at index 0) to v-html="questions[0].question.

Quick side note: We could use double-curly braces inside the template in order to display anything from the Component's data in our markup: <div>{{ questions[0].questions }}</div> But the strings from the Trivia API sometimes include unicode HTML entities like " or & - v-html decodes these entities correctly.

If you view our Quiz App after finishing Step 1, the first question should be displayed underneath the logo. On each page refresh, there should be a new question, because a new set of questions will be fetch from the API. You can also check the Components data using the Vue.js devtools for chrome.

Step 2: Display and Style Data in Template

Since we want to display each single question and its corresponding answers one by one (not all at once), we are going to implement a computed property currentQuestion that returns the current question at the current index. So index is our state variable initialized at 0 (to correspond with the first item of our questions array). Later, we're going to write methods to check the user's answer, reveal correct answer and mark the wrong answer if the user answered wrong. These methods will increase index by one each time the user answers the current question. Thus, the user will be prompted to answer the next question to continue the quiz!

Here is the full code for completing Step 2, but without the styles, so please leave the styles from Step 1. We are going to dissect each change individually. ;)

// Quiz.vue at the end of Step 2
<template>
  <div id="quiz-container">
    <img id="logo-crown" src="@/assets/crown.svg" alt="headsUP Crown" />
    <h1 id="logo-headline">headsUP</h1>
    <!-- div#correctAnswers -->
    <hr class="divider" />
    <div>
      <h1 v-html="loading ? 'Loading...' : currentQuestion.question"></h1>
      <form v-if="currentQuestion">
        <button
          v-for="answer in currentQuestion.answers"
          :index="currentQuestion.key"
          :key="answer"
          v-html="answer"
          @click.prevent="handleButtonClick"
        ></button>
      </form>
      <hr class="divider" />
    </div>
  </div>
</template>

<script>
  export default {
    name: 'Quiz',
    data() {
      return {
        questions: [],
        loading: true,
        index: 0
      };
    },
    computed: {
      currentQuestion() {
        if (this.questions !== []) {
          return this.questions[this.index];
        }
        return null;
      }
    },
    methods: {
      async fetchQuestions() {
        this.loading = true;
        let response = await fetch(
          'https://opentdb.com/api.php?amount=10&category=9'
        );
        let jsonResponse = await response.json();
        let data = jsonResponse.results.map((question) => {
          // put answers on question into single array
          question.answers = [
            question.correct_answer,
            ...question.incorrect_answers
          ];
          return question;
        });
        this.questions = data;
        this.loading = false;
      }
    },
    mounted() {
      this.fetchQuestions();
    }
  };
</script>

Using the ternay operator to check for data from API

We are replacing the v-if and v-else divs from the first step with this.

<div>
  <h1 v-html="loading ? 'Loading...' : currentQuestion.question"></h1>
  <form v-if="currentQuestion">
    <button
      v-for="answer in currentQuestion.answers"
      :index="currentQuestion.key"
      :key="answer"
      v-html="answer"
      @click.prevent="handleButtonClick"
    ></button>
  </form>
  <hr class="divider" />
</div>

If you view our Quiz App right after replacing parts of the template, you'll get some error messages in the browser console. We are referring to the currentQuestion property before having created it. So let's move on quickly!

Even though, the Vue directives take in ordinary strings as their arguments, Vue allows us to write valid JavaScript expressions inside these strings. Notice how we use the ternary operator to check the loading property and display "Loading..." or the current question!

<h1 v-html="loading ? 'Loading...' : currentQuestion.question"></h1>

On the <button> element we are using another of Vue's most valuable directives: the v-for directive. Since ours answers on each question object are put into an array, we are using v-for to loop over this array and display a <button> element for each single answer.

<button
  v-for="answer in currentQuestion.answers"
  :index="currentQuestion.key"
  :key="answer"
  v-html="answer"
  @click.prevent="handleButtonClick"
></button>

v-for="answer in currentQuestion.answers" on the <button> tells the element to loop over currentQuestion.answers. At the same time, we are putting the answer on the <button> element using the v-html directive again. You can work with the answer variable that we defined in the v-for directive on the same element or on elements nested inside this element.

I have already included @click.prevent="handleButtonClick" on the <button> which we will use in Step 3, later.

Add computed property to Vue instance

On your Components JavaScript we are adding the currentQuestions() computed property and adding the index state variable. Pretty straightforward.

// Quiz.vue script
export default {
  name: 'Quiz',
  data() {
    return {
      questions: [],
      loading: true,
      index: 0
    };
  },
  computed: {
    currentQuestion() {
      if (this.questions !== []) {
        return this.questions[this.index];
      }
      return null;
    }
  },
  methods: {
    // async fetchQuestions() already here
  }
};

Inside JavaScript code the keyword this usually refers to the Vue Component instance, e.g. this.questions points to the questions array in our data() function. But, it is sometimes appropriate to bind this to a function (in special cases) which would otherwise use another this context by default. We'll get to that, later.

To finish Step 2, we need to add default styling on our button. Add the following CSS to the <style scoped> tag inside the Quiz.vue Component.

/* Inside <style scoped> tags */
form {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: row;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  justify-content: center;
}

button {
  font-size: 1.1rem;
  box-sizing: border-box;
  padding: 1rem;
  margin: 0.3rem;
  width: 47%;
  background-color: rgba(100, 100, 100, 0.3);
  border: none;
  border-radius: 0.4rem;
  box-shadow: 3px 5px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
}

button:hover:enabled {
  transform: scale(1.02);
  box-shadow: 0 3px 3px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.14), 0 1px 7px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12),
    0 3px 1px -1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
}

button:focus {
  outline: none;
}

button:active:enabled {
  transform: scale(1.05);
}

Now your Quiz Frontend App should display the first question and the corresponding answers each as a button with some neat default styling.

Step 3: Add Functionality and handle User action

Now, we are getting straight into the bread and butter of a JavaScript developer - adding interactivity to a Web App and providing functionality to our users.

Update fetchQuestions() to put more information on the raw questions data

Please replace your existing fetchQuestions() method with the following snipped. We put on additional properties on each question object, i.e. question.rightAnswer and question.key, right after fetching and before updating our Component's state this.questions. Additionally, we're shuffling the answers array, because otherwise the correct answer would always be put on the first button.

async fetchQuestions() {
  this.loading = true;
  let response = await fetch(
    "https://opentdb.com/api.php?amount=10&category=9"
  );
  let jsonResponse = await response.json();
  let index = 0; // index is used to identify single answer
  let data = jsonResponse.results.map((question) => {
    // put answers on question into single array
    question.answers = [
      question.correct_answer,
      ...question.incorrect_answers,
    ];
    // Shuffle question.answers array
    for (let i = question.answers.length - 1; i > 0; i--) {
      const j = Math.floor(Math.random() * (i + 1));
      [question.answers[i], question.answers[j]] = [
        question.answers[j],
        question.answers[i],
      ];
    }
    // add rightAnswer and key property to each question
    question.rightAnswer = null;
    question.key = index;
    index++;
    return question;
  });
  this.questions = data;
  this.loading = false;
}

Add handleButtonClick() to Vue methods

A user click is handled in two seperate steps. First, we call handleButtonClick() which does a list of useful things for us:

• identifies the answer the user has clicked on
• sets a class .clicked on that button
• disables all the other buttons

handleButtonClick() calls another method checkAnswer() which does some useful things, too.

• compares the userAnswer with the correct_answer provided by the API
• sets .rightAnswer or .wrongAnswer class on the clicked button in order to notify the user if he has answered correctly or not
• if the user answered incorrectly, class .showRightAnswer will be put on the button holding the correct answer. If the user has guessed wrong, they may want to know what is the correct answer to that question.
• increments this.index by one in order to move on to the next question

// methods of Quiz.vue
handleButtonClick: function(event) {
  /* Find index to identiy question object in data */
  let index = event.target.getAttribute("index");

  let pollutedUserAnswer = event.target.innerHTML; // innerHTML is polluted with decoded HTML entities e.g ' from '
  /* Clear from pollution with ' */
  let userAnswer = pollutedUserAnswer.replace(/'/, "'");

  /* Set userAnswer on question object in data */
  this.questions[index].userAnswer = userAnswer;

  /* Set class "clicked" on button with userAnswer -> for CSS Styles; Disable other sibling buttons */
  event.target.classList.add("clicked");
  let allButtons = document.querySelectorAll(`[index="${index}"]`);

  for (let i = 0; i < allButtons.length; i++) {
    if (allButtons[i] === event.target) continue;

    allButtons[i].setAttribute("disabled", "");
  }

  /* Invoke checkAnswer to check Answer */
  this.checkAnswer(event, index);
},
checkAnswer: function(event, index) {
  let question = this.questions[index];

  if (question.userAnswer) {
    if (this.index < this.questions.length - 1) {
      setTimeout(
        function() {
          this.index += 1;
        }.bind(this),
        3000
      );
    }
    if (question.userAnswer === question.correct_answer) {
      /* Set class on Button if user answered right, to celebrate right answer with animation joyfulButton */
      event.target.classList.add("rightAnswer");
      /* Set rightAnswer on question to true, computed property can track a streak out of 10 questions */
      this.questions[index].rightAnswer = true;
    } else {
      /* Mark users answer as wrong answer */
      event.target.classList.add("wrongAnswer");
      this.questions[index].rightAnswer = false;
      /* Show right Answer */
      let correctAnswer = this.questions[index].correct_answer;
      let allButtons = document.querySelectorAll(`[index="${index}"]`);
      allButtons.forEach(function(button) {
        if (button.innerHTML === correctAnswer) {
          button.classList.add("showRightAnswer");
        }
      });
    }
  }
},

Add CSS styles for additional classes for UX

The following CSS is used to styles buttons appropriately depending on these cases:

• Did the user answer correctly? Button is marked with .rightAnswer
• Did the user answer incorretly? Button, which the user clicked on, is marked with .wrongAnswer, additionally the button with the correct answer is marked with .showRightAnswer

Please add the CSS styles to your existing CSS on the Quiz.vue Component.

/* Styles in Quiz.vue for UX on user answer */
@keyframes flashButton {
  0% {
    opacity: 1;
    transform: scale(1.01);
  }
  50% {
    opacity: 0.7;
    transform: scale(1.02);
  }
  100% {
    opacity: 1;
    transform: scale(1);
  }
}

button.clicked {
  pointer-events: none;
}

button.rightAnswer {
  animation: flashButton;
  animation-duration: 700ms;
  animation-delay: 200ms;
  animation-iteration-count: 3;
  animation-timing-function: ease-in-out;
  color: black;
  background: linear-gradient(
    210deg,
    rgba(0, 178, 72, 0.25),
    rgba(0, 178, 72, 0.5)
  );
}

button.wrongAnswer {
  color: black;
  background: linear-gradient(
    210deg,
    rgba(245, 0, 87, 0.25),
    rgba(245, 0, 87, 0.5)
  );
}

button.showRightAnswer {
  animation: flashButton;
  animation-duration: 700ms;
  animation-delay: 200ms;
  animation-iteration-count: 2;
  animation-timing-function: ease-in-out;
  color: black;
  background: linear-gradient(
    210deg,
    rgba(0, 178, 72, 0.25),
    rgba(0, 178, 72, 0.5)
  );
}

Whoohoo, your Vue.js Frontend Quiz App should be functional now! Have fun playing =)

Quick side note: Binding this to function body I mentioned it above, sometimes it is necessary to bind this to a function in order to tell the function that this refers to the Vue Component instance. Here, we have an example of this inside checkAnswer(). First, we're checking if the user has put an answer on the question (if question.userAnswer evaluates to a truthy value), and if so, we're calling setTimeout() in order to wait 3 seconds before incrementing this.index moving on to the next question. setTimeout takes in two parameters: a function and the amount of milliseconds to wait before executing it. Notice, we need to bind this to the function body like so: setTimeout(function() {...}.bind(this), 3000)

// inside checkAnswer() method
if (question.userAnswer) {
  if (this.index < this.questions.length - 1) {
    setTimeout(
      function() {
        this.index += 1;
      }.bind(this),
      3000
    );
  }

Step 4: Emitting events - show Modal with Quiz score

I'm afraid, that the current scope of this Tutorial is already overwhelming at this stage. I initially planned to include a Modal Component which shows the overall score of the user throughout the ten question streak. That would teach you how to emit an event in Vue bubbling up from a child Component in order to trigger an algorithms or to transport data to its parent.

But for now, I'll leave it at that!

You can find the code of the full working Quiz App up to step 3 here!

The full featured Quiz App is live here!

If you are interested in implementing a custom Modal at the end of the Quiz showing the user his score and much more,

direct message me on Twitter: @ChristianKozal1

Or reach out to me via Mail: devdiary.blog@gmail.com

Happy coding!