These three methods are part of the Function.prototypes. Basically, what they do is change the reference of this so it points to the "object target".

const sayHi = function() {
  console.log(`Hi ${this.name}!`);
};

const person = {
  name: "foxy",
};

sayHi.call(person);   // Hi foxy!
sayHi.apply(person);  // Hi foxy!
sayHi.bind(person)(); // Hi foxy!

In this example, the 3 methods are referencing the person object so this.name is now person.name. And notice that the object reference is passed as the first argument.

.call()

Takes 1 or more arguments. The 2nd argument onward will be passed to the function.

const addItems = function(item1, item2){
  this.items.push(item1, item2);
};

const cart = {
  items: [],
};

// Add items to cart
addItems.call(cart, 'lettuce', 'watermelon');

p.s. we can use arguments instead of item1, item2:

const addItems = function(){
  this.items.push(...arguments);
};

.apply()

Takes 1 or 2 arguments. The 2nd argument must be an array.

addItems.apply(cart, ['egg fried rice', 'cucumber']);

.bind()

Takes only 1 argument. In contrast with the above methods, this method will not call the function at once. It returns a new function instead, so you have to call it later manually.

// Make a new function
const boundAddItems = addItems.bind(cart);

// Call it here
boundAddItems('milk', 'jellybeans', 'more jellybeans');

// Or pass it to another function
document.querySelector('button')
  .addEventListener('click', boundAddItems)

Bonus example

Let's say we want to add an event listener to the entire <button> in a document. We can use .querySelectorAll() to retrieve the buttons, which will return a NodeList. A NodeList doesn't contain functions like .map() or .forEach(). But we can borrow these functions from Array.prototype and use it like this:

const buttons = document.querySelectorAll('button');
Array.prototype.forEach
  .call(buttons, (el) => el.addEventListener('keydown', ...))

In javascript, Array is just an object. And so NodeList! Therefore, using the prototype methods of Array with an object is fine, as long as it is an array-like object.

A NodeList contains a collection of incrementing numbers, and a length property, which is why it is similar to an Array.

Thanks for reading!

Links:

Function.prototypes.call() | MDN

Function.prototypes.apply() | MDN

Function.prototypes.bind() | MDN

NodeList | MDN