Earlier I found it a bit tricky to understand the concept of this keyword, till I found the right way to understand it and the magic word here is the context.

So what is exactly this?

In JavaScript, the this keyword is a special keyword that refers to the current instance of an object or the context in which a function is executed. The value of this is determined by how a function is called or how an object is accessed.

and this is affected by the context as follows:

1- Global Context:

When this is used outside of any function or object, it refers to the global object. In a web browser, the global object is window.

console.log(this); // Points to the global object (e.g., window in a browser)

2- Function/Method Context:

Inside a function, the value of this depends on how the function is called. when a function is a method of an object, it refers to the object that the method is called on.

function exampleFunction() {
  console.log(this);
}

exampleFunction(); // Points to the global object (e.g., window in a browser)

const myObject = {
  myMethod: function() {
    console.log(this);
  }
};

myObject.myMethod(); // Points to myObject

3- Constructor Context:

When a function is used as a constructor with the new keyword, this refers to the newly created instance of the object.

function MyClass() {
  this.property = 'value';
}

const myInstance = new MyClass();
console.log(myInstance.property); // 'value'

class MyClass {
  constructor(name) {
    // 'this' refers to the instance being created
    this.name = name;
  }

  sayHello() {
    console.log(`Hello, my name is ${this.name}`);
  }
}

// Creating an instance of MyClass
const myInstance = new MyClass("John");

// Calling a method using 'this'
myInstance.sayHello(); // Output: Hello, my name is John

4- Event Handler Context:

In event handlers, this often refers to the element that triggered the event.

document.getElementById('myButton').addEventListener('click', function() {
  console.log(this); // Points to the clicked button element
});

this with arrow functions:

It's important to note that arrow functions behave differently regarding this. They do not have their own this context and inherit it from the enclosing scope.

In other words this in the arrow function refers to the object where that function was first defined.

// Regular function
function regularFunction() {
  console.log(this);
}

// Arrow function
const arrowFunction = () => {
  console.log(this);
};

const obj = {
  method1: regularFunction,
  method2: arrowFunction
};

obj.method1(); // `this` refers to obj (method1 is called as a method of obj)
obj.method2(); // `this` refers to the enclosing scope (arrowFunction was created in the global scope)

In the example above:

• When method1 (which is a regular function) is called, this refers to the obj object because it is called as a method of obj.
• When method2 (which is an arrow function) is called, this does not have its own context and refers to the this value of the enclosing scope at the time the arrow function was created. In this case, since arrowFunction is defined in the global scope, this refers to the global object (e.g., window in a browser environment).

this manipulation:

in order to manipulate and change the context of this we can use bind, call, and apply methods.

Here's an explanation of each, along with examples:

1- bind:

The bind method creates a new function that, when called, has its this keyword set to a specific object.

const john = {
  name: 'John',
  sayHello: function() {
    console.log(`Hello, ${this.name}!`);
  }
};
const alex = {
  name: 'Alex',
  sayHello: function() {
    console.log(`Hello, ${this.name}!`);
  }
};
const greetJohn = john.sayHello.bind(john);
const greetAlex = john.sayHello.bind(alex);
greetJohn(); // Outputs: Hello, John!
greetAlex(); // Outputs: Hello, Alex!

2- call:

The call method invokes a function with a specified this value and individual arguments.

function introduce(age, job) {
  console.log(`Hi, I'm ${this.name}. I'm ${age} years old and work as a ${job}.`);
}

const person = {
  name: 'Alice'
};

introduce.call(person, 25, 'developer');
// Outputs: Hi, I'm Alice. I'm 25 years old and work as a developer.

Here, call is used to invoke the introduce function with the person object as the this value and additional arguments.

2- apply:

The apply method is similar to call, but it takes an array of arguments instead of individual arguments.

function introduce(age, job) {
  console.log(`Hi, I'm ${this.name}. I'm ${age} years old and work as a ${job}.`);
}

const person = {
  name: 'Bob'
};

introduce.apply(person, [30, 'engineer']);
// Outputs: Hi, I'm Bob. I'm 30 years old and work as an engineer.

Here, apply is used to invoke the introduce function with the person object as the this value and an array of arguments.

In summary:

• Use bind when you want to create a new function with a fixed this value.
• Use call when you want to invoke a function with a specific this value and individual arguments.
• Use apply when you want to invoke a function with a specific this value and an array of arguments.

That's all, happy coding :)